轻罪治理背景下出罪模式研究——实体与程序路径的双重反思

Research on the Decriminalization Mode under the Background of Misdemeanor Governance:A Reflection on Both the Substantive and Procedural Paths

在积极刑法观主导下,我国刑事法网向“严而不厉”的一元化制裁结构发展,轻微违法行为面临如何出罪的法治难题。基于法教义学的基本态度,在司法层面完善出罪体系更合理务实。实体出罪路径面临不法如何判断、“但书”条款如何适用、抽象危险犯如何认定以及实质解释如何操作等方面的困境。而程序出罪路径亦需在出罪依据的限制、程序供给的不足以及自由裁量的质疑等方面进行反思。虽然两种路径对应解决不同层面的问题,并不具有可比性,但实体出罪路径受制于当前刑事立法的整体趋势与犯罪治理的总体方略,在司法实践中无法有效缓和过度的犯罪化与刑罚化,程序出罪路径具有更加广阔的适用空间。因此,在刑法变革与治理转型背景下,刑事诉讼程序亦应充分发挥自身的刑事政策机能,积极回应社会变革的现实需求,构建与完善程序出罪体系,促进犯罪治理体系与治理能力的现代化。

Under the influence of the proactive approach to criminal law,China's criminal law justice system has been moving towards a unified structure of"rigorous but not severe"punishment,which poses a rule of law challenge when it comes to decriminalizing minor offenses.Based on the attitude of legal doctrine,it is more reasonable and practical to improve the decriminalization system at the judicial level.The substantive path of decriminalization faces difficulties in determining unlawfulness,applying the"proviso"clauses,identifying abstract dangerous offenses and implementing substantive interpretation.Similarly,the procedural path of decriminalization requires reflection on the limitations of legal basis,shortcomings in procedural provisions,and challenges related to discretionary powers.Although the two paths tackle different problems and cannot be directly compared,the substantive path is constrained by the overall trend of current criminal legislation and the general strategy of crime control,making it difficult to effectively mitigate excessive criminalization and penalization in judicial practice.On the other hand,the procedural path of decriminalization offers greater flexibility.Therefore,in the context of criminal law reform and governance transformation,criminal procedural law should fully utilize its own criminal policy function,actively respond to the practical needs of social change,establish and improve a system of procedural decriminalization,and promote the modernization of the crime control system and its governance capacity.