十大孔兑流域水土流失分布特征及防治对策

Distribution Characteristics and Control Countermeasures of Soil and Water Loss in Ten Kongduis of Yellow River

[目的]通过分析十大孔兑水土流失面积、强度及水土流失动态变化,为流域综合治理提供参考依据。[方法]基于全国土壤侵蚀遥感调查结果和全国水土流失动态监测成果,对比分析流域水土流失及其分布、动态变化。[结果]十大孔兑流域植被面积占流域面积的63.97%,以中低覆盖和低覆盖为主,分别占植被覆盖面积的48.85%和36.54%。2021年水土流失面积为4374.98 km 2,占流域面积的40.63%;与2020年、1999年和1985年相比,2021年水土流失分别减少46.32,3664.50,4958.03 km 2,水土流失主要分布在草地、林地、耕地和其他土地4个地类上,占水土流失总面积的96.69%。[结论]十大孔兑依然是黄河流域水土流失治理的难点地区,高强度侵蚀减少与年度监测成果未考虑沟道侵蚀有关;该区应坚持以“以沙棘种植为主的植被建设,以淤地坝建设为重点的工程布局,以锁边固沙为前提的治沙方针,大力推进拦沙换水试点工程”的流域综合治理策略。

[Objective]The area,intensity and dynamic changes of soil and water loss in the Ten Tongduis of the Yellow River were analyzed in order to provide a reference for the comprehensive management of the basin.[Methods]Based on the national remote sensing survey results of soil erosion and the national dynamic monitoring results of soil and water loss,the distribution and dynamic changes of soil and water loss in the basin were compared and analyzed.[Results]The vegetation area accounted for 63.97%of the Ten Kongduis of the Yellow River basin,mainly with medium-low and low vegetation coverage accounting for 48.85%and 36.54%of the vegetation coverage area respectively.The area of soil and water loss was 4374.98 km 2,accounting for 40.63%of the basin area in 2021.Compared with 2021,soil and water loss were lower in 2020,1999,and 1985 by 46.32,3664.50,and 4958.03 km 2,respectively.Soil and water loss were mainly located in grassland,forest land,arable land and other land,accounting for 96.69%of the total area of soil and water loss.[Conclusion]The Ten Kongduis are still a difficult area to control soil erosion in the Yellow River basin.The reduction of high intensity erosion is related to the failure to consider channel erosion in annual monitoring results.This area should adhere to the comprehensive management strategy of“vegetation construction based on Hippophae rhamnoides planting,engineering layout focusing on the construction of silting dam,sand control policy based on the premise of border locking and sand fixation,and vigorously promote the pilot project of sand containment and water exchange”.