无序状态下的友爱与共同体——论荷马史诗的友爱观

Friendship and Community in Disorder:On the Homeric Idea of Friendship

相比哲学家倾向于从正面视角研究友爱问题,荷马史诗主要从无序与冲突的角度探讨友爱与共同体。荷马史诗反思了家室成员、各类同伴,以及外乡宾客这三种古代希腊主要的联合方式,内容涵盖各种私人与公共的友爱活动。尽管学界主要从社会风俗的角度对友爱以及友爱的联合(即共同体)进行功用性解读,但诸多证据表明荷马史诗不仅关注功利的层面,也重视从道德与情感的双重维度捍卫友爱与共同体。道德与情感的非功利性让无关功利的纯粹友爱成为可能。史诗甚至通过描述对敌人的款待、劝慰与帮助,探讨超越世俗共同体界限的无私友爱的可能性。

Unlike the positive philosophical thinking of friendship,the Homeric epics reveal the impact of friendly union namely community from disorder and conflicts.As the bond of communities,Homeric philotes is the reflection on the unions between family members,different kinds of companions,host and foreign guests.It covers almost all private and public friendly activity in those days.Although by reading Homer from the angle of social costume,the mainstream interpretation takes philotes as utilitarian relationship,in reality Homer epics defend friendly relationship and community mainly from morality and affections.The disinterestedness of morality and affections make pure friendly relation and union possible.By dealing with the friendly activity beyond secular communities with the same goal,the Homeric epics reveal the noblest and eternal altruistic inclination of humankind.