旱地条件下不同地理来源小麦品种的产量与氮磷钾积累利用差异

Differences in Yield and Accumulation and Utilization of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium among Wheat Varieties from Different Geographical Origins under Dryland Farming

为了研究旱地条件下不同地理来源小麦品种及同一来源高低产小麦品种的产量和氮磷钾积累利用差异,以来源于中国(58个)、CIMMYT(国际玉米小麦改良中心,42个)和国外其他地区(65个)的165个品种(品系)为材料,分析了小麦产量、产量构成因素,以及成熟期氮磷钾积累分配利用和需求特征。结果表明,与国外其他品种相比,CIMMYT品种的籽粒产量、穗粒数、千粒质量以及氮、磷、钾生理效率分别显著提高21.3%,39.1%,26.4%,33.2%,22.6%,36.1%,中国小麦品种分别提高10.5%,18.1%,24.3%,29.4%,12.1%,24.3%,但二者的穗数,茎叶氮、磷、钾积累量,百千克籽粒需氮磷钾和干物质量均显著降低,且CIMMYT品种的增降幅均高于中国品种。同一地理来源下高产品种较低产品种,中国品种的产量、穗数、穗粒数和生物量分别显著提高122.4%,38.7%,39.3%和96.1%,CIMMYT品种的产量、穗数和生物量分别显著提高97.6%,68.2%和71.7%,国外其他品种的产量、穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量和生物量分别显著提高157.2%,33.0%,43.6%,35.9%和76.4%;中国品种的地上部和籽粒氮磷钾积累量分别显著提高98.8%,101.0%,83.7%和118.8%,104.7%,131.2%,氮磷钾吸收效率显著提高93.6%,84.6%,70.3%,籽粒氮磷钾含量形成的养分需求量显著提高102.8%,109.5%,75.9%,但百千克籽粒需钾、干物质量显著降低16.8%,11.1%;CIMMYT品种的氮磷钾吸收效率显著提高68.5%,71.4%,63.6%,籽粒氮磷钾含量形成的养分需求量显著提高79.2%,81.7%,76.5%,但百千克籽粒需氮、磷量分别显著降低10.7%,10.3%;国外其他品种的氮磷钾生理效率显著提高34.7%,30.2%,60.6%,籽粒氮磷钾含量形成的养分需求量显著提高73.0%,110.8%,52.1%,但百千克籽粒需氮、磷、钾、干物质量显著降低26.7%,23.6%,36.8%,24.7%。综上,不同地理来源小麦品种的产量及其氮磷钾吸收利用特征多表现出了显著差异,CIMMYT品种具有较高的穗粒数、千粒质量、收获指数、籽粒氮积累量、磷钾生理效率,国外其他品种具有较高的穗数、茎叶氮磷钾积累量、地上部氮钾积累量、氮钾吸收效率、百千克籽粒需干物质和氮磷钾量,中国品种的多数指标居于二者之间。同一地理来源高产品种较低产品种提高了产量构成因素、收获指数和氮磷钾吸收效率,但籽粒氮磷钾含量形成的养分需求量也显著提高,在以高产高养分含量为目标的生产体系中应适当增加氮磷钾投入量。

In order to study the differences in yield,accumulation and utilization of nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)among wheat varieties from different geographical origins and among high and low yield wheat varieties from the same geographical origin in dryland farming,165 varieties from China(58),the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT,42)and others abroad(65)were planted in the farm of Henan University of Science and Technology in Luoyang,Henan Province,to analyze the yield and its components,the characteristics of accumulation,distribution and requirement at maturity of N,P,K.Compared with others abroad,the grain yield,grains per spike,1000-grain weight,N,P and K physiological efficiency of CIMMYT varieties were significantly increased by 21.3%,39.1%,26.4%,33.2%,22.6%and 36.1%,respectively,while those of Chinese varieties were increased by 10.5%,18.1%,24.3%,29.4%,12.1%and 24.3%,respectively,however,the spike number,the N,P and K accumulation in stem and leaf,the N,P,K and dry matter requirements of 100 kg grains of CIMMYT and Chinese varieties decreased significantly,moreover,the increase and decrease of CIMMYT varieties were higher than those of Chinese varieties.Compared the low-yield varieties from the same geographical origin,the yield,spike number,grain number per spike and biomass of Chinese high-yield varieties were significantly increased by 122.4%,38.7%,39.3%and 96.1%,respectively;the yield,spike number and biomass of CIMMYT high-yield varieties were significantly increased by 97.6%,68.2%and 71.7%;the yield,spike number,grain number per spike,1000-grain weight and biomass of high-yield varieties of others abroad were significantly increased by 157.2%,33.0%,43.6%,35.9%and 76.4%.For Chinese varieties,compared with the low-yield varieties,the shoot and grain N,P,K accumulations of high-yield varieties were significantly increased by 98.8%,101.0%,83.7%and 118.8%,104.7%,131.2%,as well as the N,P,K uptake efficiencies were significantly increased by 93.6%,84.6%and 70.3%,the nutrient requirements for grain N,P,K content formation were significantly increased by 102.8%,109.5%and 75.9%,but the K and dry matter requirements for 100 kg grains formation were significantly decreased by 16.8%and 11.1%respectively.For CIMMYT varieties,compared with the low-yield varieties,the N,P,K uptake efficiencies in high-yield varieties were significantly increased by 68.5%,71.4%and 63.6%,as well as the nutrient requirements for grain N,P,K content formation were significantly increased by 79.2%,81.7%and 76.5%,while the N and P requirements for 100 kg grains were significantly decreased by 10.7%and 10.3%,respectively.For others abroad,compared with the low-yield varieties,the N,P,K physiological efficiencies in high-yield varieties were increased significantly by 34.7%,30.2%and 60.6%,as well as the nutrient requirements for grain N,P,K content formation were increased significantly by 73.0%,110.8%and 52.1%,while the N,P,K and dry matter requirements for 100 kg grains were significantly decreased by 26.7%,23.6%,36.8%and 24.7%,respectively.To sum up,many characteristics of grain formation and N,P,K absorption and utilization in wheat showed significant differences among different geographical origin varieties.CIMMYT varieties had higher grain number per spike,1000-grain weight,harvest index,grain N accumulation,and P,K physiological efficiency,while others abroad had higher spike numbers,N,P,K accumulation in stem and leaf,N,K accumulation in shoot and uptake efficiency,dry matter and N,P,K requirements for 100 kg grains,and the values of most indexes of Chinese varieties were between CIMMYT varieties and others abroad.Compared with low-yield varieties,high-yield varieties from the same geographical origin had the ability to improve yield components,harvest index and nutrient uptake efficiency,while increased the nutrient requirements for grain N,P,K content formation.Therefore,the N,P,K input should be increased appropriately in the production system which aimed to high yield and high nutrient content.