城市收缩的国际研究及对中国的启示

International Research on Urban Shrinkage and Its Implications for China

城市收缩在国外出现较早,特征多样,成因也复杂。2020年中国城市收缩占比已高达43%,城市收缩问题治理迫在眉睫。通过梳理关于城市收缩的国际研究文献,我们发现:城市收缩具有多重内涵,测度方法也多样,这主要源于城市收缩形成机制的多样性,至少包括生命周期机制、空间错配机制、政治经济学机制和启发式机制四种。国际城市收缩治理策略相对成熟的主要有“被动/主动”策略+“自上而下/自下而上”行动方式四类,基于该治理思路,取得较好成效的是美国克利夫兰、德国波鸿和日本长崎。结合中国特点,我们认为在治理实践中,不必拘泥于传统的“精明收缩”思维,故针对普遍存在的产业老化、空间虹吸导致城市收缩现象,提出了“主动/被动策略”+“自上而下”“自下而上”的行动方式相结合的思路。这些讨论或能给中国特色城市治理现代化体系的构建提供某些启示。

Urban shrinkage appeared earlier in foreign countries,with diverse characteristics and complex causes.The proportion of urban shrinkage in China in 2020 has reached 43%,and the governance of urban shrinkage is urgent.By combing the international research literature on urban shrinkage,we find that urban shrinkage has multiple connotations and various measurement methods,which is mainly due to the diversity of urban shrinkage formation mechanisms,including at least four kinds of life cycle mechanism,spatial mismatch mechanism,political economy mechanism and heuristic mechanism.There are four relatively mature strategies for international urban shrinkage governance:“passive/active”strategy+“top-down/bottom-up”action mode.Based on this governance approach,the most successful ones are Cleveland in the United States,Bochum in Germany,and Nagasaki in Japan.Based on the characteristics of China,we believe that in governance practice,there is no need to adhere to traditional“smart contraction”thinking.Therefore,in response to the common phenomenon of industrial aging and spatial siphonage leading to urban shrinkage,we propose a combination of“active/passive strategy”and“top-down”and“bottom-up”action methods.These discussions may provide some inspiration for the construction of a modern system of urban governance with Chinese characteristics.