学校各类课后服务效果如何?--基于育人与公平价值的跨国比较

How Effective are the Various After-school Services of the School?A Transnational Comparison Based on Education Quality and Equity Values

学校和行政机构有效地选择和组织课后服务,需基于对各类课后服务项目效果的判断和分析。本文基于国际比较视角,选取PISA2018测试的16个主要参测国家(地区)样本,分别从学校、学生视角研究不同类型课后服务项目对教育质量、公平的效用。研究发现,学校组织的学业类课后服务项目对于学校平均成绩以及学生个体成绩的提升作用均非常有限,而充实类课外活动尤其是与音乐或美术相关的创造性课外活动,在不同国家(地区)样本中对学生成绩提升具有普遍的正向显著影响。但是,在大多数国家(地区)样本中,这两类课后服务项目会进一步扩大学生间固有成绩差距,并且会导致不同家庭社会经济地位的学生在课后服务获益上的不平等。另外,超过半数国家(地区)样本数据表明,开展多元课外活动能够培养学生合作意识和行为、提高学生教育期望和职业期望,并且可以有效降低学生逃学、逃课和迟到频率。研究结果启示我们:一是回归课后服务本质,加强充实类课后服务活动,重视自习;二是政府购买服务,提高课后服务参与度,助力薄弱学校;三是重视本国国情,聚焦课后服务质量提升,建立质量评估制度。

The effective selection and organization of after-school services by schools and administrative institu-tions requires a comprehensive investigation and evaluation of the current various types of after-school services.Adopting a transnational comparative viewpoint,this paper leverages data from 16 major participating countries(re-gions)in PISA 2018 to examine the impact of various after-school services on education quality and equity from the perspective of schools and students.The study found that academic after-school services initiated by schools ren-dered very limited effects in improving school average performance and individual student achievement.On the con-trary,supplementary extracurricular activities that aim at enriching students'lives and experiences(enrichment af-ter-school services),especially creative extracurricular activities related to music or art,demonstrated consistent sig-nificant benefits across different countries(regions).However,concerning education equity,in most of the countries(regions)investigated in this study,these two types of after-school services both manifested potential risks of widen-ing the inherent achievement gap among students and led to students'unequal benefits from the services contin-gent upon their socioeconomic status.In addition,results from more than half of the investigated countries(re-gions)also suggested a positive impact of diverse extracurricular activities in cultivating students'cooperation awareness and behaviors,improving students'educational and career expectations,and reducing students'truancy,absenteeism and tardiness substantially.Three implications could be drawn from this study.First,after-school services should return to their original intention of student cultivation and promotion of education equity;enrichment af-ter-school services should be strengthened and student self-directed study opportunities should be given sufficient at-tention.Second,government should increase investment in after-school services to expand students'involvement,and support underprivileged schools.Third,the development of after-school services should always take local con-texts into account,and focus on improving service quality,which also indicates a pressing need of establishing a quality evaluation system.