HRV与EEG生物反馈训练对中枢疲劳运动员的影响

Effect of HRV and EEG Biofeedback Training on Athletes with Central Fatigue

目的:探讨心率变异性生物反馈(heart rate variability biofeedback,HRV-BF)和脑电生物反馈(electroencephalogram-biofeedback,EEG-BF)训练对中枢疲劳运动员神经机能状态和心境状态的作用及差异。方法:采用随机交叉实验设计,以14名国家二级及以上的中枢疲劳运动员为研究对象,分别在2个阶段进行为期15天、共8次的HRV-BF和EEG-BF训练,中间设置15天洗脱期。在每个训练阶段前后使用EEG诱导试验评价中枢机能状态;使用超慢波涨落潮技术测定脑内神经递质;通过Polar H10心率胸带测量HRV,用于评价自主神经状态;使用GMCS-FYS反应时测试仪测量反应时;使用心境状态量表评价心境状态。结果:1)在中枢疲劳状态方面,HRV-BF和EEG-BF训练后脑电波θ/β,中枢疲劳等级均显著降低(P<0.01)。2)在神经递质方面,HRV-BF和EEG-BF训练后5-羟色胺水平均显著降低(P<0.01),HRV-BF训练后多巴胺水平显著提高(P<0.01),且5-羟色胺水平(P<0.05)和多巴胺水平(P<0.01)的变化均显著大于EEG-BF训练。3)在自主神经方面,HRV-BF训练后交感神经活性增强,副交感神经作用减弱,而EEG-BF没有显著效果。4)在反应时方面,HRV-BF和EEG-BF训练后反应速度均显著提升(P<0.05)。5)在心境状态方面,2种训练后积极情绪水平均显著提升,抑郁(HRV-BF:P<0.05;EEG-BF:P<0.01)和情绪纷乱值(P<0.01)显著降低;2种训练方式的不同结果是,HRV-BF训练后疲劳感(P<0.01)和慌乱值(P<0.05)显著降低,而EEG-BF训练后愤怒值(P<0.01)显著降低。结论:HRV-BF和EEG-BF训练都能改善中枢疲劳运动员的中枢疲劳程度,降低脑内抑制性神经递质,提高反应速度,并且提升积极情绪水平,而HRV-BF训练对脑内神经递质和自主神经的作用更为明显。2种训练可从不同方面改善消极情绪,这可能与中枢神经机能状态的提高有关。因此,选择适宜的生物反馈训练能够改善运动员不同情况的神经疲劳状态,加快反应速度,提高心理健康水平以及训练积极性。

Objective:To compare the effects and differences of heart rate variability-biofeedback(HRV-BF)and electroencephalogram-biofeedback(EEG-BF)training on athletes’neurological and mood states.Methods:Using a randomized crossover experimental design,taking 14 national level 2 and above central fatigue athletes as the research object,they were trained in HRV-BF and EEG-BF for 8 times in 15 days in two stages,with a 15-day washout period in the middle.EEG induction test was used to evaluate central function state before and after training;supra-slow encephalofluctuogram technology was used to measure neurotransmitters in the brain;Polar H10 heart rate chest belt was used to test HRV index,and to evaluate autonomic nervous state;GMCS-FYS reaction time tester was used to test reaction time;mood scale was used to evaluate mood state.Results:1)For the central fatigue,after HRV-BF and EEG-BF training,brainwaveθ/βand central fatigue level were significantly decreased(P<0.01).2)For the neurotransmitters,5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)was significantly decreased after HRV-BF and EEG-BF training(P<0.01),dopamine(DA)was significantly increased after HRV-BF training(P<0.01),and the changes of 5-HT(P<0.05)and DA(P<0.01)were significantly larger than those of EEG-BF. 3) For the autonomic nerve, HRV-BF training enhanced sympa‐thetic nerve activity and weakened parasympathetic nerve activity, while the effect of EEG-BF was not significant. 4) For the reaction time, the reaction speed of HRV-BF and EEG-BF was significantly accelerated after training (P<0.05). 5) For the mood state, both kinds of training can significantly increase positive emotions level, depression (HRV-BF: P<0.05;EEG-BF: P< 0.01) and emotional disturbance (P<0.01) decreased significantly;the difference is that after HRV-BF training, fatigue (P<0.01) and panic value (P<0.05) were significantly reduced, while EEG-BF training was significantly lower in anger (P<0.01). Conclusions: Both HRV-BF and EEG-BF training can improve the central nervous system fatigue of athletes, reduce inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain, improve reaction speed, and increase positive emotions level, while HRV-BF training has more obvious effects on neurotransmitters and autonomic nerves in the brain. Both kinds of training can improve negative emotions in different aspects, which may be related to the improvement of central nervous system function. Therefore, choosing the ap‐propriate biofeedback training can improve the nerve fatigue state of athletes in different situa‐tions, and it can also speed up the reaction speed, improve the mental health status and training enthusiasm.