数字经济时代的数据要素流通——以产权“结构性分置”为视角的分析

Data Elements Sharing in the Era of Digital Economy——Analysis from the Perspective of“Structural Separation”of Property Rights

数据要素流通是建设高标准要素市场、激发全社会创造力和市场活力的基础,当前我国数据要素存在着流通利用的现实挑战。公共数据因其制度性问题导致开放程度较为有限,“平台主导型”的企业数据交易亦无法和要素化的数据定位相匹配。清晰的产权配置是数据要素高质量流通的前提,现有产权单维配置模式无法准确地体现数据要素自身丰富的内在构成,绝对化的权利保护难以适配数字经济时代要素价值创造的实际需求,也与要素界定制度演进变迁的逻辑相异。“数据二十条”提出的产权“结构性分置”方案符合劳动与财产理论中的分配正义观,也能够激励并促进市场竞争和企业创新,数据要素产权从单维配置向多维配置转变是其构造基础。应当衡量各个参与方在数据生成过程中的贡献,结合具体的数据处理场景,构建起多维、动态的要素产权配置制度,并沿此思路对我国公共数据开放和企业数据交易规则进行调整完善。

The sharing of data elements is the basis for building a high-standard data element market and stimulating creativity and market vitality throughout society.At present,there are challenges in sharing and utilizing data elements in China.Due to institutional problems,the degree of openness of public data is relatively limited.Additionally,"platform-oriented"enterprise data transactions cannot match the essential characteristics of data elements.Property right allocation is the prerequisite for high-quality sharing of data elements.The existing onedimensional allocation mode of data element property rights cannot accurately reflect the rich internal composition of data elements themselves.Moreover,absolute rights protection is not well-suited to accommodate the value creation of elements in the era of digital economy.The actual demand is also different from the logic of the elements defining the evolution of the system.The"structural separation"of property rights proposed in the"Twenty Articles of Data"can reflect the concept of distributional justice in labor and property theory.It can also stimulate and promote market competition and enterprise innovation.The structural basis of the"structural separation"of property rights is the transformation of property rights of data elements from single-dimensional to multi-dimensional configurations.In this regard,the contribution of each participant in the data generation process should be weighed,combined with specific data processing scenarios,a multi-dimensional and dynamic element property right allocation system should be established,and public data opening and enterprise data transaction rules should be adjusted along this line of thought.