孟子的同感思想及其美学内涵

Mencius's Thought of Common Sense and Its Aesthetic Connotation

在哲学美学中,同感意味着自我与他者主体间情感的普遍可交往沟通性,也即普遍共通性。同感理论、同感判断不仅在西方哲学美学中源远流长,而且在中国古代哲学美学思想中也存在。孟子心性哲学的同感思想就堪为典范,它足以和导源于亚里士多德的同感判断力思想相媲美。孟子的同感思想中的同感判断的美学内涵包含四个方面:其一,从作为审美鉴赏判断的同感判断所获得的情感是具有普遍共通性的同感;其二,从作为道德情感判断所获得的道德情感是具有普遍共通性的同感;其三,按照理义的道德情感判断标准所进行的道德情感判断所获得道德情感的愉悦体验具有和通过感官感觉所进行的审美鉴赏判断所获得的具有美感特性的愉悦相同的性质,而且两种愉悦的类比统一特性具有普遍共通性;其四,在孟子的同感思想中,同感判断都具有好恶的同感判断情感体验,而同感判断的好恶情感体验,作为人之性,具有衍生五情的能力,这种衍生能力在人与人之间也具有普遍共通性。

In philosophical aesthetics,Common Sense means the universal communicability of emotions between the self and the other,that is,universal commonality.The theories of empathy and judgment of empathy not only have a long history in Western philosophy and aesthetics,but also exist in ancient Chinese philosophy and aesthetics.The empathy theory of Mencius'philosophy of mind and nature can be regarded as a model,which is comparable to the thought of empathy and judgment derived from Aristotle.In Mencius's empathy theory,the Aesthetic connotation of the judgment of empathy includes four aspects:first,the emotions obtained from the judgment of empathy as an aesthetic appreciation judgment are universally common empathy;second,the moral emotions obtained from the judgment of moral emotions is universally common;third,the pleasurable experience of moral emotion obtained from the moral emotion judgment based on the moral emotion judgment standard of reason shares the same properties as the pleasure with aesthetic characteristics obtained by the aesthetic appreciation and judgment made by sensory perception.Moreover,the analogy and unified characteristics of the two kinds of pleasures have a universal commonality;fourth,in Mencius's empathy theory,in Mencius'empathy thought,empathetic judgments involve the emotional experiences of liking and disliking.As an inherent human nature,it has the ability to elicit five emotions:happiness,anger,sorrow,happiness,and even fear.This capacity also has universal commonality among individuals.