阿罗频多思想与徐梵澄的精神哲学——也谈章太炎·鲁迅·徐梵澄

On the Thought of Sri Aurobindo and the Spiritual Philosophy of Xu Fancheng:A Further Discussion on Zhang Taiyan,Lu Xun,and Xu Fancheng

从章太炎到鲁迅再到徐梵澄,是现代“心学”即精神哲学之一脉的传承与发扬。章氏从唯识学楔入,但“心”的结构未尝打开。鲁迅自“超人”说立起,他将“心”分解为“神思”与“学”,成其为对立统一的关系,然而仍未达到“心”之结构的关系整体(大全)。徐梵澄以阿罗频多思想为借鉴,依其“超心思”哲学而笃行,用“知觉性”这一概念,“创造了一个全新的局面”。他将鲁迅“立人”“改造国民性”的主旨调整为“变化气质,并终期转化社会与人生”的理想。其中“变化”一词,包含“保存”“改造”(扬弃)“同化”三义,乃为一“正、反、和”的圆圈,其超上依据乃为“心灵”(仁),故可称之为“永恒中介”(雅斯贝尔斯)。而“心灵”在此世间之自身增殖的过程与完成就是“性灵”。徐梵澄特别强调对孟子“义”的概念的诠释,这是人与人(族与族、国与国)之间横向的实践原则,他的目的不外是告诉人们——“我就是我们”(黑格尔)。

From Zhang Taiyan(章太炎)to LuXun(鲁迅)and then toXuFancheng(徐梵澄),therewere the inheritance and development of the modern"study of mind"(心学),that is,the spiritual philosophy.Zhang Taiyan began with the consciousness-only theory(唯识学),but failed to deconstruct the structure of"mind".Starting from the superman theory("超人"说),Lu Xun decomposed"mind"(心)into"divine speculation""(神思)and"study"(学),forming the relationship of a unity of opposites.However,he didn't constitute the holistic structure of"mind",Xu Fancheng took Sri Aurobindo's(阿罗频)thought for reference,acted by following his supermind(超心思)philosophy,and"created a whole new vision"with the concept of consciousness(知觉性).He readjusted Lu Xun's main purpose of"cultivating people"(立人)into the ideal of"transforming people's temperament(变化气质)and leading eventually to the transformation of society and people's life".The idea of"transformation"contains the meanings of"preservation","change"(sublation)and"assimilation",which is a circle of"positiveness,negativeness,and harmoniousness".As its transcendent foundation is soul(心灵)which is benevolence(仁),it can be called"eternal medium"(永恒中介)according to Karl Jaspers(雅斯贝尔斯).The process and completion of the self-proliferation of soul in this world is psychic(性灵).Xu Fancheng especially emphasized the interpretation of Mencius'idea of"righteousness"(义),which was a horizontal practical principle of man with man(clan with clan,and country with country),and his purpose was nothing but to tell people that"I am We"(Hegel).