论强制履行

On Compulsory Performance

强制履行,又称强制实际履行、特定履行或限期履行,修理、重作、更换均为其表现形式。不能履行、债务的标的不适于强制履行或履行费用过高、债权人在合理期限内未请求履行时,不得适用强制履行的方式。法律明文规定不适用强制履行的救济方式而责令违约方只承担违约金责任或违约损害赔偿责任的,不适用强制履行的规定。因不可归责于当事人双方的原因致使合同履行实在困难,如果实际履行显失公平的,则适用情事变更原则,其法律效果中的分期履行和延期履行属于强制履行范畴,其他效力均不是或排斥强制履行。在可以适用强制履行规则、守约方决定请求违约方强制履行的情况下,不宜优先适用违约损害赔偿的方式。不过,如果修理、重作、更换所需费用更加高昂,完全不合理,与标的物的贬值相比完全不成比例,就不应允许守约方请求修理、重作或更换,而应支持违约损害赔偿的请求。强制履行和填补赔偿二者不能同时并存,迟延履行与强制履行可并行不悖。强制履行和合同解除制度目的相悖,因而这两种救济方法是相互排斥的。惩罚性违约金可以与强制履行并存。至于赔偿性违约金可否与强制履行并存,需要区分情况而定。

Compulsory performance,also known as compulsory actual performance or specific performance,performance within a time limit,repair,rework and replacement are its manifestations.The method of compulsory performance shall not be applied when it is impossible to perform,the subject matter of the debt is not suitable for compulsory performance or the cost of performance is too high,and the creditor fails to request performance within a reasonable period of time.If the law expressly stipulates that the remedy of compulsory performance is not applicable and the breaching party is ordered to bear only the liability for liquidated damages or damages for breach of contract,the provisions of compulsory performance shall not apply.If the performance of the contract is really difficult due to reasons not attributable to both parties,and if the actual performance is unfair,the principle of change of circumstances should be applied,and the periodic performance and delayed performance in its legal effect belong to the category of compulsory performance,while other effects are not or exclude compulsory performance.In the case that the rules of compulsory performance can be applied and the observant party decides to request the breaching party to enforce the performance,it is not appropriate to give priority to the way of damages for breach of contract.However,if the cost of repair,reworking or replacement is more expensive,totally unreasonable and totally disproportionate to the depreciation of the subject matter,the observant party should not be allowed to request repair,reworking or replacement,but should support the claim for damages for breach of contract.Compulsory performance and compensation can not coexist,delay performance and compulsory performance can go hand in hand.Compulsory performance and rescission of contract are mutually exclusive because their institutional purposes are contrary to each other.Punitive liquidated damages can coexist with compulsory performance.As for whether compensatory liquidated damages can coexist with compulsory performance,it needs to distinguish the circumstances.