心理分析与解构主义的视野融合——论卡鲁斯的创伤文学批评理论

Fusion of Horizons on Psychoanalysis and Deconstruction:On Cathy Caruth’s Literary Trauma Theory

卡鲁斯的创伤文学批评理论继承了弗洛伊德的基本观点,又融入解构主义的视角,在创伤文学批评领域影响极大。现代创伤概念强调:不同于有意识地得到控制的叙述记忆,创伤记忆没有被意识、理性、认知与叙述框架整合,这种本真性使其具有直达事实真相的能力,即所谓指涉性或指涉功能。但这也带来再现和传达的难题。我们必须放弃通常对于理解的期待,并将之视作进入新知识的途径,从而开启见证的空间。创伤既对抗对它的见证,同时又要求、呼唤这种见证,这是创伤经验的传达必然面对的危机与困境。正是在这里,文学理论与创伤理论发生相遇,文学与创伤都体现和揭示了知与未知、再现的不可能性与必要性之间的复杂关系。

Inheriting Freud’s basic viewpoints,Cathy Caruth’s trauma theory integrates the perspective of deconstruction and has great influence in the field of literary trauma criticism.Contemporary conceptions of trauma emphasizes that,unlike narrative memory,which is consciously controlled,traumatic memory is not integrated by consciousness,reason,cognition and narrative framework.Thus,this authenticity renders it the possibility to reach the truth directly,that is,the so-called referential function.However,it also brings the problem of representation and communication.Therefore,we should lower our usual expectation of comprehension,and regard the refusal to understand as a way to enter new knowledge,thus opening up the space of witness.Trauma not only confronts its witness,but also demands and calls for this witness,which involves the crisis and dilemma of the expression of traumatic experience.This is where literary theory and trauma theory converge,where both literature and trauma embody and reveal the complex relationship between the known and the unknown,the impossibility and the necessity of representation.