日本长崎“彩舟流”源流考略

Studies on the Origin of“Saisyuu Nagashi”Ceremony in Nagasaki,Japan

“彩舟流”仪式是明清时期流行于日本长崎唐人社会中的一种宗教民俗活动,有较大的影响。基于对长崎地方相关史料的钩沉梳理和深入研读,认为明清时期经海上丝绸之路东洋航线流播于日本长崎“彩舟流”习俗的形成与古代中国“祭厉”传统有着直接关联,宋代“祠沙”祭海习俗与元明代“放彩船”传统则可视为其雏形,而明清时期盛行于福建沿海地区的“王醮”仪式即“送王船”对长崎“彩舟流”的仪式流程、具体形态等诸多方面均产生了广泛而深刻的影响。闽地“送王船”东传流播至日本长崎在地化的历史变迁过程,体现了海上丝绸之路上中华传统文化在“他者”中的坚韧性与包容性。

The“Saisyuu Nagashi”ceremony,which had a great influence,was a religious and folk activity popular within the Chinese community in Nagasaki,Japan during Ming and Qing Dynasties.By sorting through and studying the relevant historical materials in Nagasaki,it is believed that the formation of“Saisyuu Nagashi”was directly related to the ancient Chinese tradition of“Jili”(offering sacrifices to ghosts),which was brought to Nagasaki,Japan via the Maritime Silk Road during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The custom of sea worship called“Cisha”in Song Dynasty and“Fang Caichuan”in Yuan Dynasty can be regarded as its rudimentary form,while the“Song Wangchuan”ceremony prevalent in Fujian during Ming and Qing Dynasties had a wide and profound impact on the ritual processes and specific forms of“Saisyuu Nagashi”.It also reveals the changes occurring to this ritual in the long history of its spread from Fujian and localization in Nagasaki,which reflects the tenacity and tolerance of traditional Chinese culture for“the others”along the Maritime Silk Road.