弱光性对玉米间作下春大豆表型及产量性状影响的研究

Study on the Effects of Weak Light on Phenotypic and Yield Traits of Spring Soybean under Corn Intercropping

发掘耐荫大豆种质资源及指导耐荫性大豆品种(系)育种研究,设置自然荫蔽弱光条件下玉米与大豆间作试验,对宁夏灌区15份春大豆品种(系)进行耐荫性筛选研究,分析大豆表型及产量性状。结果表明,不同春大豆品种(系)的单株有效分枝数、单株分枝数的变异系数较大,分别为47.1%、35.4%;主茎节数、节间长度、荚粒数的变异系数较小,分别为10.0%、8.5%、8.0%。相关分析表明,大豆单株产量与株高、单株有效荚数、单株粒数呈极显著正相关,与荚粒数呈显著正相关,与百粒重、结荚初期(R3-R4)茎叶鲜重呈负相关,说明株高在适宜范围内,大豆产量随着单株有效荚数、单株粒数、荚粒数的增加而增加,但是大豆籽粒变小、百粒重下降,结荚初期(R3-R4)茎叶茂盛也会影响大豆产量。PCA分析表明,大豆品种(系)的多样性表现明显,前4个主成分累计贡献率达83.6%。聚类分析表明,15份春大豆品种(系)可以聚为4大类群。第Ⅰ类群和第Ⅱ类群的Ⅱ-Ⅰ亚群的4个品种(系),虽然植株偏高,但是单株粒数较多、单株产量较高,生产上可以通过肥水管控、化控等技术措施,控制大豆植株旺长,保证较多的单株有效荚数、单株粒数,增加百粒重,提高单株产量;第Ⅲ类群和第Ⅳ类群结荚初期茎叶鲜重较高,为153.0~191.6 g,建议该类群大豆品种(系)与青贮玉米间作,收获青贮饲料,增加蛋白质含量,提升青贮饲料品质。建议通过“株高因子、荚粒因子、分枝因子、茎叶鲜重因子”特征值选择适合间作套种的春大豆品种(系),增加大豆产量;不能直接在生产上应用的优异性状种质,可以作为亲本材料进行间接利用,以培育出适宜玉米-大豆间作的中间材料或新品种(系)。针对不同类群大豆品种(系)特点,通过肥水管控、化控及不同种植方式等措施来提高大豆产量。

To explore the germplasm resources of shade tolerant soybeans and guide studies on breeding of shade tolerant soybean varieties,natural shading and low light conditions were set up for intercropping between corn and soybean,and 15 spring soybean varieties in Ningxia irrigation areas were screened for shade tolerance.The phenotype and yield traits of soybean were analyzed.The results showed that the coefficient of variation of effective branch number per plant and branch number per plant among different spring soybean varieties was relatively large,with 47.1%and 35.4%,respectively.The coefficient of variation for the number of main stem nodes,internode length and pods is relatively small,with values of 10.0%,8.5%and 8.0%,respectively.Correlation analysis shows that the yield of soybean per plant is significantly positively correlated with plant height,effective pods per plant and seed number per plant,positively correlated with seed number per pod and negatively correlated with 100 seed weight and stem and leaf weight in the early stage of podding(R3-R4).This indicates that within the appropriate range of plant height,soybean yield increases with the increase of effective pods per plant,seed number per plant and seed number per pod,but soybean seeds become smaller and 100 seed weight decreases.The lush stems and leaves during the early stage of podding(R3-R4)can also affect soybean yield.PCA analysis shows obvious diversity of new soybean varieties,with the cumulative contribution rate of the first four principal components reaching 83.6%.Cluster analysis shows that 15 spring soybean varieties can be clustered into 4 major groups.The four varieties of GroupⅠand subgroupsⅡ-Ⅰof GroupⅡ,although with relatively high plants,have a higher number of grains per plant and a higher yield per plant.In production,technical measures such as fertilizer and water control and chemical control can be taken to control plant growth to ensure a higher number of pods and grains per plant,increase 100 grain weight and increase yield per plant.The fresh weight of stems and leaves per plant of GroupⅢand GroupⅣat the initial stage of podding is higher,which is 153.0~191.6 g.It is suggested that this variety should be intercropped with silage corn to harvest silage,increase protein content and improve the quality of silage.It is recommended to select spring soybean varieties suitable for intercropping and intercropping through the characteristic values of"plant height factor,pod grain factor,branching factor and fresh stem and leaf weight factor"to increase soybean yield.Based on the characteristics of different groups of varieties,measures such as fertilizer and water control,chemical control and different planting methods should be taken to improve soybean yield.