2~6岁儿童词汇和语法发展现状及相关因素分析

Status quo and related factors of Chinese vocabulary and grammar development in children aged 2 to 6 years

目的对2~6岁儿童进行词汇、语法评估,探讨其发展进程及相关影响因素,旨在早期识别诊断语言障碍。方法选取2021年7月—2022年2月于山东省千佛山医院门诊正常体检的2~6岁儿童198名,每隔0.5岁分成8组,进行词汇和语法评估,并调查相关影响因素。结果(1)词汇理解在2~4岁部分不达标,在4~6岁达标;4岁以上者词汇表达优于4岁以下。(2)语法在3.5岁前不达标条目较多,3.5岁以后明显减少。简单句型、名词短语先习得,演算及复杂句型最后习得。表示动作事件的语义最先习得,其次是人物特征,最后习得人物方位。(3)主要代养人[为祖母/外祖母(Z=-2.96)、学历为小学(H=10.96)、职业为家庭主妇(H=16.55)]及使用方言交流(H=20.53)、过去一周互动时间短(H=9.14)、将食物含在口中(Z=-2.08)、半流质饮食(H=10.07)、过晚进食固体食物(H=13.71)与词汇理解错误率高相关(P<0.05);主要代养人[为祖母/外祖母(Z=-2.25)、学历为小学(H=15.28)、职业为家庭主妇(H=17.08)]、使用方言交流(H=13.65)、过去一周互动时间短(H=8.03)及将食物含在口中(Z=-2.59)与词汇表达错误率高相关(P<0.05);主要代养人[为祖母/外祖母(Z=-3.08)、学历为小学(H=17.10)、职业为家庭主妇(H=23.64)]、使用方言交流(H=25.56)、接触电子屏幕年龄早(H=9.21)及屏幕时间长(H=14.70)、饮食行为[将食物含在口中(Z=-2.98)、不喜欢咀嚼食物(Z=-2.81)、喜欢喝粥或烂面条(Z=-1.99)、进食固体食物晚(H=12.56)、挑食(Z=-2.18)]与语法错误率高相关(P<0.05)。结论年龄与词汇和语法发展相关性最显著,词汇理解在4岁时全掌握,词汇表达及语法在4岁以前掌握差,4岁以后逐渐掌握。主要代养人、家庭代养及语言环境、屏幕时间及饮食行为与词汇和语法发展相关。

Objective To assess Chinese vocabulary and grammar development of children aged 2 to 6 years,and to analyze its development process and related influencing factors.Methods From July 2021 to February 2022,198 children aged 2 to 6 years were included in the outpatient physical examination of Shandong Province Qianfoshan Hospital,who were divided into 8 groups by age with 0.5 years intervals.The enrolled children were assessed for vocabulary and grammar development,and the influencing factors were analyzed.Results (1)Vocabulary comprehension was partially not up to standard at 2 to 4 years old and up to standard at 4 to 6 years old.Children over 4 years old performed better than those under 4 years old in vocabulary expression.(2)There were more substandard items of grammar at the age of 2 to 3.5 years old than the age of 3.5 to 6 years old.Simple sentence patterns and noun phrases were acquired first,then the patterns of calculus and complex sentences.The semantics of action events were acquired first,followed by the characters,and finally the semantics of the orientation of the characters.(3)The main caregivers[grandmother(Z=-2.96),primary school education(H=10.96),housewife(H=16.55)]and the use of dialect communication(H=20.53),short interaction in the past week(H=9.14),holding food in mouth(Z=-2.08),semi-liquid diet(H=10.07),eating solid food too late(H=13.71)were associated with higher rate of vocabulary comprehension errors(P<0.05).The main caregivers[grandmother(Z=-2.25),primary school education(H=15.28),housewife(H=17.08)],the use of dialect communication(H=13.65),short interaction in the past week(H=8.03)and holding food in mouth(Z=-2.59)were associated with higher vocabulary expression error rate(P<0.05).The main caregivers[grandmother(Z=-3.08),primary school education(H=17.10),housewife(H=23.64)],the use of dialect communication(H=25.56),early exposure to electronic screens(H=9.21)and long screen time(H=14.70),and eating behavior[holding food in mouth(Z=-2.98),dislike chewing food(Z=-2.81),prefer porridge or rotten noodles(Z=-1.99),late eating solid food(H=12.56),picky eating(Z=-2.18)]were associated with higher grammar error rates(P<0.05).Conclusions There is a significant correlation of age with the development of vocabulary and grammar.Vocabulary comprehension is learned by the age of 4,while vocabulary expression and grammar are gradually mastered after 4 years old.Main caregivers,family parenting,language environment,screen time and dietary behavior are related to vocabulary and grammar development.