水资源保护语境下我国农业面源污染治理制度建设研究

Research on the Construction of China's Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Supervision and Governance System in the Context of Water Resources Protection

我国农业面源污染因为种植业施肥不科学、农膜处理不当、养殖业废弃物处理不科学等原因,造成了严重的水质富营养问题。过量化学品施用因为影响作物本身、影响农田环境、影响大气环境等方面,直接或间接地破坏了水质;我国已是农用塑料薄膜使用量最大的国家,但其因回收率低、土壤难分解等问题破坏了水质;畜禽养殖废水当中富含有机质,加之养殖废弃物处理设施建设相对滞后,使得畜禽养殖废弃物由传统农家肥变成了污染物,造成水体富营养化。解决农业面源污染应瞄准以上问题,政府或可在综合管理的基础上,科学分析其空间分布特点及相应的技术需求,借鉴域外经验,以科技支撑为导向,积极推进农业清洁生产技术,并以农业补贴为抓手,保护相关者利益,逐步引导农民自觉保护环境,建立环境友好型农业解决面源污染问题,在建立完善面源污染防治政策基础上,采取源头预防、过程控制、末端治理的防治途径,精准施策。

China's agricultural non-point source pollution has caused serious water quality and nutrient problems due to unscientific fertilization in planting,improper treatment of agricultural film,and unscientific treatment of aquaculture waste.Excessive chemical application affects the crop itself,affects the farmland environment,affects the atmospheric environment,and directly or indirectly destroys water quality;China is already the country with the largest use of agricultural plastic film,but its water quality is damaged due to low recycling rate and difficult soil decomposition;Livestock and poultry breeding wastewater is rich in organic matter,coupled with the relatively lagging construction of breeding waste treatment facilities,so that livestock and poultry breeding waste from traditional farm fertilizer into pollutants,resulting in eutrophication of water bodies.The government may scientifically analyze its spatial distribution characteristics and corresponding technical needs on the basis of comprehensive management,learn from extraterritorial experience,take scientific and technological support as the guide,actively promote agricultural cleaner production technology,and take agricultural subsidies as the starting point to protect the interests of stakeholders,gradually guide farmers to consciously protect the environment,establish environment-friendly agriculture to solve the problem of agricultural non-point source pollution,and adopt the method of source prevention,process control,and end-of-pipe treatment,,on the basis of establishing and improving agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control policies.