汉墓出土镶棺铜璧形饰研究

Classification and study of the bronze bi-shaped coffin ornaments in Han-Dynasty tombs

本文根据考古材料将汉墓出土的镶棺铜璧形饰分为两类。第一类铜璧形饰孔径较大,年代为西汉至东汉初,分布较广,其性质与镶棺头挡玉璧相似,意旨是引导墓主人灵魂升天;第二类铜璧形饰孔径较小,年代为东汉中晚期,主要分布于重庆巫山一带,是巫山工匠在第一类铜璧形饰基础上改造创新而形成的具有强烈地域特色的圆形铜牌饰,其性质有引魂升天之意,亦有表现仙境场景。随着东汉墓葬结构及用玉方式的转变,第一类铜璧形饰衰退与消亡,出现了更多装饰于棺头挡悬璧图、十字双弦穿璧图、龙穿璧图。

This paper classifies the copper bi-shaped coffin ornaments unearthed from Han-Dynasty tombs into two types based on archaeological materials.The first type of copper bi-shaped coffin ornaments has larger apertures,dating back from the Western Han to the early Eastern Han period.They are widely distributed and share similarities with the jade bi ornaments used in coffin headboards,symbolizing the guiding of the tomb occupant's soul to ascend to heaven.The second type of copper bi-shaped coffin ornaments has smaller apertures,dating from the middle to late Eastern Han period.They are mainly found in the area of Wushan in Chongqing.Craftsmen in Wushan innovated and transformed the first type of copper bi-shaped coffin ornaments,creating round copper plaques with strong regional characteristics.These ornaments still carried the meaning of guiding the soul to ascend to heaven while also depicting scenes of a fairyland.With changes in the structure of Eastern Han period tombs and the use of jade,the first type of copper bi-shaped coffin ornaments declined and disappeared,giving rise to more decorations such as the hanging bi motif,the double-crossed motif,and the dragon-piercing bi motif on coffin headboards.