我国油菜生产中化肥投入的经济分析与评价

Economic analysis and evaluation of chemical fertilizer input in rape production in China

为了解我国油菜生产受化肥过量投入的影响,基于1991-2019年全国15个油菜主产省(市)的成本收益数据,通过比较化肥在油菜生产中的边际产品价值与化肥价格的比值,从油菜种植户利润最大化视角出发,对我国油菜生产的过量施肥程度进行评价,估计我国油菜生产的化肥减量任务与潜力,以期为促进我国油菜产业绿色高效发展提供数据支撑。研究结果表明:我国油菜生产的化肥产出弹性为0.1255。1991-2019年我国油菜生产平均过量施肥程度为25.5%。“十三五”期间,我国油菜生产的化肥投入虽然超过了经济意义上的最优施用水平,但尚且处于历史低位。若实现经济意义上最优化肥投入,1991-2019年我国油菜生产可累计减少化肥施用1090万吨。基于上述结果,本文从政策层面得出如下启示:(1)明确油菜生产的化肥减量任务,优化油菜化肥施用顶层设计方案;(2)完善有机肥、配方肥专项补贴制度,扩大有机肥、配方肥在油菜生产中的推广应用范围;(3)加强基层施肥技术指导与培训服务,提高油菜种植户认知水平和科学施肥能力。

To understand the influence of excessive input of fertilizers on rape production in China,this paper evaluated the degree of excessive fertilization by comparing the marginal product value of fertilizer in rape produc-tion with the ratio of fertilizer price,and hoped to provide strong support for promoting green and efficient develop-ment of rape industry.Results showed that the fertilizer output elasticity of rape production was 0.1255.From 1991 to 2019,the average degree of excessive fertilization in rape production was 25.5%.During the"Thirteenth FiveYear Plan"period,although the fertilizer input for rape production exceeded the optimal application level in the eco-nomic sense,it was still at a historically low level.If the optimal fertilizer input has been realized from the economic perspective,the application of chemical fertilizer could be reduced by 10.9 million tons from 1991 to 2019 on rape production.Based on the above results,following inspirations could be drawn from the policy level:(1)project the amount of chemical fertilizers reducing for rape production,and optimize the top-level design for fertilizer applica-tion;(2)improve the special subsidy for organic fertilizers and formula fertilizers,and expand popularization of or-ganic fertilizer and formula fertilizer;(3)strengthen technical guidance and training services,and improve the cogni-tion level of rape farmers.