“勇猛知兵法”与东汉时代的“内外之别”

“Being Brave,Knowledgeable and Understanding the Art of War”and the“Internal and External Differences”of the Eastern Han Dynasty

“勇猛知兵法”是汉代最为重要的军事人才选拔制度之一。西汉末年与新莽时,“勇猛知兵法”科曾为政府选拔军事人才发挥过作用。随着社会形势的变化,尤其是受到东汉朝廷内外观念与内外政策的影响,“勇猛知兵法”科的察举标准呈现出了新的特征。当朝廷察举将军的目的是平息内郡动乱时,“勇猛知兵法”科的察举标准通常是“有文武者”或“有文武才”;而当察举将军的目的是抵御外敌、守卫边郡时,察举标准也往往会变为“武猛”或“武猛有谋”。

“Being brave and knowledgeable and understanding the art of war”was one of the most important military talent selection systems during the Han Dynasty.During the late Western Han Dynasty and the Xin Mang period,this system played a role in selecting military talents for the government.With the changing social situation,especially influenced by the concepts and policies within and outside the Eastern Han court,new features emerged in the selection criteria of“Being brave and knowledgeable and understanding the art of war”.When the purpose of selecting generals by the court was to quell rebellions of the internal kingdoms,the criteria usually included“both civil and military talents,”while when the purpose was to defend against external enemies and guard the border regions,the criteria often changed to“brave and fierce”or“brave and fierce with strategic abilities.”