转基因农作物越境损害责任的省察与重构

Reflection and Reconstruction of Liability for Cross-Border Damages Caused by Genetically Modified Cr ops

转基因农作物越境转移可能对输入和输出的国家和地区造成损害。在其法律责任问题上,既有学说从污染者负担原则出发,认为转基因农作物越境造成的损害应排他性适用民事责任。从规范分析角度看,此种观点具有局限性,污染者负担难以作为一项法律原则而被证成;相关国际条约并未明确转基因农作物越境损害的责任形式,而是允许缔约方适用现有国内法或者制定新的法律去解决。依据《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书关于赔偿责任和补救的名古屋—吉隆坡补充议定书》,及时充分赔偿原则应为统帅转基因农作物越境损害责任的法律原则。依照该原则,面向转基因农作物越境损害排他性适用民事责任不具有正当性,应当以民事责任和国家责任为核心构建类型化的责任体系。应依照因果关系的确证性对相关事实进行类型化区分,对因果关系可在经营者层面确证的损害适用民事责任,对不能确证的则适用国家责任,同时还应通过立法补正和法律解释的方式推动类型化责任体系在规范层面得以实现。

Cross-border transfer of genetically modified crops may cause harm to importing and exporting countries and regions.Regarding the issue of legal liability,the existing theories,from the polluter pays principle,hold that the damages caused by the cr oss-border transfer of genetically modified crops should exclusively lead to civil liability.From the perspective of a normative analysis,this view has limitations.It is difficult to establish the polluter-pays concept as a legal principle,and relevant international legislation does not explicitly define the forms of liability for cross-border damages caused by genetically modified crops.Instead,it is left to the contracting parties to apply existing domestic laws or formulate new legislation to address the issue.It could be inferred from According to the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety that the principle of prompt and adequate compensation should be the governing legal principle for liability for cross-border damages caused by genetically modified crops.According to this principle,it is not justifiable to exclusively apply civil liability for cross-border damages caused by genetically modified crops,but rather,a typified responsibility system should be constructed with civil and national liabilities at its core.It is necessary to typify the relevant facts according to determination of the causal relationship,apply civil liability to damages where the causal relationship can be confirmed at the operator level and national liability to those where the causal relationship cannot be determined.Meanwhile,it is necessary to promote the realization of a typified liability system at the normative level through legislative amendment and legal interpretation.