考古所见魏晋北朝时期的文化融合——以北京地区墓葬材料为中心

Exploring Cultural Integration of Wei,Jin,and Northern Dynasties with Archaeological Findings:Focusing on Burial Contexts in Beijing

魏晋北朝时期的北京是中原与北方民族文化交融的重要舞台。墓葬是文化的重要载体之一,这一时期的墓葬共计发现118座。按形制,这些墓葬可分为带墓道多室墓、带墓道双室墓、带墓道单室墓、梯形砖室墓和土坑墓等五种类型,随葬品可归纳为生活用具类、模型明器及动物俑类、人物俑类和人体装饰品类等,并且墓葬形制和随葬品特征随时代而变化。整体来看,曹魏至西晋早期较多承袭了本地区东汉中晚期以来的传统,西晋中、晚期文化面貌明显改变,带墓道墓葬大致经历了多室→双室→单室的发展历程,与洛阳地区文化演变趋势基本一致。北朝时期带墓道方形单室墓成为主流,同时受到鲜卑文化的影响,新出现了梯形砖室墓形制,是文化交流的重要体现。

Beijing is one of the major stages where cultures from the Central Plains and Northern China integrate with each other in the Wei,Jin,and Northern dynasties.There are in total 118 graves in Beijing from that period,all of which are important carriers of culture.This article 1)divides the 118 graves into 5 categories based on their layout:multi-chamber graves with a passage,two-chamber graves with a passage,onechamber graves with a passage,brick-chamber trapezoidal graves,and vertical earthen pit tombs;2)divides grave goods in these graves into several categories,including daily necessity,model,animal figurine,human figurine,and body ornament;and 3)summarizes the change of grave layout and grave goods along with the time.Generally speaking,graves in Wei and early Western Jin dynasties mostly adopt local traditions from the middle and late Eastern Han dynasty and begin to show a significant cultural change in middle and late Western Jin dynasty:passage graves transform from multi-chamber to double-chamber and finally to single-chamber during that period,which basically corresponds to the trend of cultural evolution in Luoyang.During the Northern dynasties,rectangular single-chamber graves with passage become local mainstream;at the same time,influenced by Xianbei culture,there emerges a new kind of grave layout called brick-chamber trapezoidal grave.These changes are a living demonstration of cultural exchange.