隐微叙事与清人对韩愈墓志铭的批评

The Hidden Micro-narrative and the Criticism of Han Yu's Epitaph in the Qing Dynasty

韩愈墓志铭被清人视为典范。林云铭、何焯、沈德潜等人运用文史互证、春秋笔法、志铭互证等治经研史的方法阐释韩愈墓志文,读出了其中的隐微叙事与微旨讽喻。以《唐宋文醇》为代表的官方评点则将韩碑重新定位为尽忠报国、以史为鉴的政教之文,并主导了清中期以后的韩碑批评方向。此后,桐城派的义法批评逐渐兴盛,转向技法与风格,隐微叙事的批评传统开始消歇,直到晚清才逐渐复兴。隐微叙事的发现体现了清人对“知人论世”批评模式的创造性转化,在时代、作者与文本之间形成双向阐释,并形成了多元化的文学解读。

Han Yu's epitaphs are regarded as a model by the Qing Dynasty.Lin Yunming,He Zhuo,Shen Deqian,and others interpreted Han Yu's epitaphs by using the methods of intertextuality and“spring and autumn”writing,and deeply analyzed the hidden narratives and ironic meanings.The official commentary,represented by the Tang and Song Literary Texts,repositioned the Han's epitaphs as a political and edifying text that served the country faithfully and used history as a guide,and dominated the direction of Han's epitaphs criticism after the mid-Qing period.There after,the Tongcheng School of righteous criticism gradually flourished,turning to technique and style,and the tradition of criticism of hidden micro-narratives began to die down,only gradually reviving in the late Qing Dynasty.The discovery of the hidden micro-narrative embodies the creative transformation of the Qing dynasty to the mode of criticism of“knowing people and the world”,forming a two-way interpretation between the time,the author and the text,and forming a pluralistic interpretation of literature.