《诗经》“二雅”诗篇的渊源及分类

The Origin and Classification of Poems of Da Ya and Xiao Ya in The Book of Songs

有关《诗经》“二雅”的分类,应注意“雅”字义及雅诗生成的考察。作为一种乐器的“雅”,本身与音乐有着紧密的联系。《大雅》《小雅》又作《大夏》《小夏》,“夏”字原本是一种“舞”,而《大夏》是歌颂禹之功德的乐舞,《九夏》属于诗乐一体。这表明《大雅》《小雅》的划分与音乐有内在联系。“二雅”诗篇的生成不仅与“乐语”相关,也与“献诗”“采诗”传统有关。其中“乐语”主要与《大雅》相关,“采诗”与《小雅》有关,而“献诗”则与“二雅”均有联系。无论是《大雅》还是《小雅》,其所献诗篇属于变雅范畴。从对象身份来看,《大雅》针对的是周王,而《小雅》针对的是诸侯臣僚,因此,变大雅、变小雅划分标准符合《毛诗序》“大政”“小政”之说。《大雅》《小雅》在结构上也存在差异,这源于《大雅》《小雅》音乐表现形式的差异。所以,音乐、政事才是《大雅》《小雅》区分的核心元素。

Concerning the classification of Da Ya and Xiao Ya in The Book of Songs,we should pay attention to the meaning of“Elegance”and the generation of elegant poems.As a musical instrument,Ya itself has a close relationship with music.Da Ya and Xiao Ya are also known as Da Xia and Xiao Xia.The word Xia was originally a kind of“Dance”,while Da Xia was a kind of music and dance in praise of King Yu’s merits and virtues.Nine Xia was a combination of poetry and music.This shows that the division of Da Ya and Xiao Ya is intrinsically related to music.The formation of Da Ya and Xiao Ya is not only related to“Musical language”,but also related to the tradition of“Offering poems”and“Collecting poems”.Among them,“Music language”is mainly related to Da Ya,“Collecting poetry”is related to Xiao Ya,and“Offering poetry”is related to Da Ya and Xiao Ya.No matter it is Da Ya or Xiao Ya,its poems belong to the category of changing elegance.From the object identity,Da Ya is aimed at King Zhou,and Xiao Ya is aimed at the vassal officials.Therefore,the standard of the division of the great elegance and the small elegance accords with the theory of“Great Politics”and“Minor Politics”in the preface to Mao’s Poems.There are also differences in the structure of Da Ya and Xiao Ya,which come from the differences in the musical forms of Da Ya and Xiao Ya.Therefore,music,politics is the Da ya,Xiao Ya the core elements of the distinction.