论司法裁判中的证否说理——从法官视角推理谈起

On the Reasoning of Falsification in Judicial Judgment:Starting from the Perspective of Judges’Reasoning

司法推理活动得以实现的关键在于法官个人视角发挥了重要作用。视角是法官的习得知识、办案经验以及其他主客观因素共同作用的认知方式,法官运用个人视角进行事实判断、串联事实碎片形成事实认定,实现司法推理。个人视角存在一定的局限性,法官在司法推理中未经充分论证或怠于论证所有可能的裁判结论就形成了自认为恰切的“预设裁判结论”,并最终以证成式说理的形式载于裁判文书,这就使得推理的过程存在错判与误判的可能。加强裁判文书证否说理,以促使法官在司法推理中充分考虑基于案件事实可能形成的全部裁判结论,是克服视角主义陷阱的可行方案。加强裁判文书证否说理的具体要求为:在裁判文书中加强诉讼争点的说理,加强被排除证据的说理,加强不予支持的主张的说理,并载明其他可能的裁判结论。

The key to achieving judicial reasoning activities lies in the important role played by the judge’s personal perspective.Perspective is a cognitive approach in which judges acquire knowledge,experience in handling cases,and other subjective and objective factors work together.Judges use perspective to make factual judgments,connect factual fragments to form factual assertions,and achieve judicial reasoning.At the same time,there are certain limitations to personal perspectives.Judges in judicial reasoning have formed predetermined judgment conclusion that they consider appropriate without sufficient or negligent argumentation of all possible judgment conclusion,and ultimately are included in the judgment documents in the form of evidence-based reasoning.Strengthening the reasoning of falsification to encourage judges to fully consider all possible judgment conclusion based on case facts in judicial reasoning is a feasible solution to overcome the perspective trap.The specific requirements for strengthening the reasoning of whether to prove or not are:to strengthen the reasoning of litigation disputes in the judgment documents,to strengthen the reasoning of excluded evidence,to strengthen the reasoning of unsupported claims,and to specify other possible judgment conclusion.