《史记》中纵横家“权变”之道发微

On Political Strategists’“Expedient Measures”in Historical Records

司马迁为纵横家立传,明确“毋令独蒙恶声”,赞其“长在权变”。所谓“权变”则重在“择交安民”和“进取为人”。“择交安民”作为纵横家的政治理念,或连横,或合纵,强调外交之要,于战国时代激荡风云;“进取为人”作为纵横家的人生理念,或受辱,或遭嫉,强调进取之道,于诸子争鸣独树一帜。立足战国裂变时代,纵横家与时俱进,在实现个人功名之时,也有效地推动了历史的进步。因此,对纵横家的“权变”之道进行梳理意在进一步明确其学术思想和时代价值。

Sima Qian for the political strategists to write the biographies,clearly stating“not to make them suffering indignity”,but highly praising their“expedient measures”.Expedient measures focus on“choosing friends for calming the people”and“making progress for people”.“Choosing friends for calming the people”is the political idea of the political strategists,emphasizing the importance of diplomacy in the Warring States period;“making progress for people”is the masters’concept of life,in the conditions of being humiliated or envied,emphasizing the way of enterprising,which is unique among hundreds of schools at that period.Based on the disintegration of the Warring States period,the political strategists paced with the times,both pursing personal fames and effectively promoting the progress of history.Therefore,sorting out the way of“expedient measures”is intended to further clarify their academic thought and value of the times.