施用有机肥对我国大豆产量及土壤养分的影响

Effects of Manure Application on Soybean Yield and Soil Nutrients in China

施用有机肥有助于增加大豆产量和提升土壤肥力。然而受区域、施肥量、施肥类型等影响,全国大豆产量和土壤肥力差异均较明显,但造成这些差异的原因尚不清楚。为探明全国不同区域、管理措施条件下,施用有机肥对大豆产量和土壤肥力的影响以及影响增产效果的主要因素,在全国尺度上收集数据进行整合分析。按筛选标准,获得施有机肥对大豆产量影响的文献37篇,119组有效数据;对大豆土壤养分影响的文献11篇,148组有效数据。采用增强回归树(boosted regression tree,BRT)模型量化气候因素、土壤性状和施肥措施对大豆增产效果影响的重要程度。结果表明,不同区域施用有机肥后大豆平均增产12.9%,其中南方增产最高(18.7%),其次为华北(14.8%)、西北(13.6%)和东北(12.0%)。有机肥施用量>5000 kg·hm^(-2)时,大豆可增产18.5%。施用牛粪后,大豆可增产24.9%,猪粪次之(17.6%),其次为商品有机肥(15.3%)、鸡粪(12.7%)和生物有机肥(8.8%)。不施肥时,大豆平均产量2036 kg·hm^(-2),单施有机肥后其平均产量增加至2452 kg·hm^(-2),增幅20.4%;单施化肥时,大豆平均产量2410 kg·hm^(-2),有机无机肥配施后其平均产量增加至2630 kg·hm^(-2),增幅9.1%。施用有机肥显著提升土壤速效磷(43.5%)、全磷(13.3%)和有机质含量(11.0%),对速效钾(9.4%)、碱解氮(3.4%)、pH(2.1%)及全钾含量(1.2%)提升则不显著。基于BRT结果表明,BRT模型解释了我国大豆产量差异的52.83%,其中有机肥施肥量对大豆产量影响最大,占变异的47.0%,其次是土壤性状(41.0%)和气候因素(12.0%)。总体来说,施用有机肥(包括单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施)可显著增加大豆产量,在南方增产率最高,以牛粪增产效益最为明显,并且大豆产量受有机肥施用量影响最大。此外,施用有机肥可显著提升大豆土壤速效磷、全磷及有机质含量。

Application of manure can increase soybean yield and soil fertility.There are significant differences in soybean yield and soil fertility in China due to the influence of region,application rate of manure,type of manure etc.However,the reasons for these differences are still not clear.In order to find out the effect of manure fertilizer application on soybean yield and soil fertility in different regions and management measures in China,and the main factors of yield increase effect,this study collected data on a national scale for integrated analysis.According to the searching criteria,37 literatures including 119 groups of data on the effect of manure application on soybean yield and 11 literatures including 148 groups of data on the effects of manure application on soil nutrients were obtained.The enhanced boosted regression tree(BRT)model was used to quantify the importance of climate factors,soil properties and manure application measures on soybean yield increase.The average soybean yield increased by 12.9%after application of manure in different regions,with the highest yield in south China(18.7%)and followed by North China(14.8%),Northwest China(13.6%)and Northeast China(12.0%).When the application rate of manure was more than 5000 kg·hm^(-2),the increase of soybean yield was 18.5%.Soybean yield increased by 24.9%after the application of cow manure,followed by the application of pig manure(17.6%),commercial manure(15.3%),chicken manure(12.7%)and manure(8.8%).The average soybean yield was 2224 kg·hm^(-2)with no fertilizer,whereas it increased by 20.4%to the amount 2518 kg·hm^(-2)with applying manure alone.The average soybean yield was 2259 kg·hm^(-2)under the application of chemical fertilizer,whereas it increased by 9.1%to the amount 2558 kg·hm^(-2)under the combined application of manure and chemical fertilizer.Manure application significantly increased soil available P(43.5%),total P(13.3%)and organic matter(11.0%),but had no significant effect on soil available K(9.4%),alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen(3.4%),pH(2.1%)and total K(1.2%).Based on the BRT results,the BRT model explained 52.83%of soybean yield differences in China.Among them,the application rate of manure had the greatest impact on soybean yield,accounting for 47.0%of the variation,followed by soil properties(41.0%)and climate factors(12.0%).In general,the application of manure(including the single application of manure and combined application of manure and chemical fertilizer)could significantly increase soybean yield,with the largest increase in South China and with the highest increasing production benefit under the application of cow manure.Soybean yield was mostly affected by the application rate of manure.Additionally,the available P,total P and organic matter contents in soybean soil significantly increased under the application of manure.