“劳动新形态”价值创造问题的政治经济学解析

Political-Economic Analysis of New Form of Labor as Problem of Value Creation

WEB2.0时代出现了电商平台开发、网红直播、发帖打榜、游戏陪玩等“劳动新形态”。国外部分学者从受众商品论、数字劳动论、非物质劳动论与情感劳动论等理论出发,认为诸劳动新形态均创造价值,但上述理论或将消费活动与劳动混淆,或将非生产领域劳动与生产领域劳动混淆,从而误判了大多数劳动新形态的价值创造性。基于马克思的政治经济学分析可知,只有生产使用价值且生产出供交换的产品或服务的劳动才可创造价值。发帖打榜为消费活动,电商平台开发为不生产使用价值的流通领域劳动,均不创造价值;文娱与服务平台的才艺直播、陪玩等劳动新形态通过服务生产出使用价值来换取报酬,因而创造价值。

There are such new forms of labor as e-commerce platform development,live-streaming of web influencers,posting and popularity boosting,and paid game companying in the era of WEB 2.O.Scholars abroad believe that new forms of labor create value with reference to the theories of audience commodity,digital labor,immaterial labor and emotional labor,but the theories either confuse consumption activities with labor,or non-production labor with production labor,thus misjudging the value creativity of the new forms of labor.It is shown,with a comprehensive examination of Marxist political economy analysis,that only labor that creates use value and produces products or services intended for exchange can create value.Posting and popularity boosting is consumption activity,and the development of e-commerce platforms is labor in the circulation sphere,which do not create any value;talent live broadcasting and paid game companying labor in entertaining and service platforms produce use value needed by consumers to get payment,thus creating value.