海洋保护区类型、边界与多边管控——生态保护、公众参与和规划决策的文献综合视角

Types,boundaries and multilateral control of marine protected areas:A synthesized perspective of ecological conservation,public participation and policy planning

海洋保护区是通过限制人类活动为海洋生态保育与恢复提供时间和空间的区划工具.开放的海洋环境使得海洋保护区存在边界模糊、功能区重叠等问题,弱化了海洋保护区的实际效果.本文梳理了国内外海洋保护区界定与保护区划决策模式差异,诊断出海洋保护与管理困境:(1)全球海洋保护区的分类标准与边界划分差异大,海洋保护强度与管控水平迥异,不利于评估全球海洋保护的实际效果;(2)海洋环境缺少明显的分界线,开发并普及保护区规划决策支持工具与系统,发展大规模海洋环境探测技术,有利于海洋保护区优化其管控措施;(3)推动区域联合的海洋环境保护规制,学习跨界海洋保护区的建设经验,参与国际海洋保护与远洋保护区设计,是海洋保护区的全球发展态势.未来,海洋保护区应加强相关理论探索,优化其规划决策流程,推动中国毗邻海域的跨界海洋保护,以期为海洋保护区选划和管控提供决策依据.

Marine protected areas are zoning tools that provide time and space for marine ecological protected and restoration by restraining human activities.The open marine environment makes marine conserved areas suffer from vague boundaries and overlapped functional areas,which weaken the practical effects of marine protected areas.In this paper we compare the differences in the definition and conservation zoning decision models of marine protected areas at home and abroad,and diagnose the marine conservation and management dilemmas.Some conclusions can be reached as follows:(1)The classification standards and boundary delineation of global marine protected areas vary greatly,the intensity of marine protection and the level of control also vary significantly,which are unhelpful to assessing the actual effect of global marine protection.(2)The marine environment lacks obvious demarcation borders,and the development and popularization of marine planning tools and application systems are inadequate.The development of large-scale marine environment detection technology proves conducive to the optimization of MPAs’control measures.(3)Promoting joint regional regulation of marine environmental protection,learning from the construction experience of trans-boundary MPAs,and participating in international marine protection and oceanic reserve design are the development trends of global MPAs.In the future,MPAs should strengthen the theoretical exploration of MPAs themselves,develop and optimize the planning and decision-making process of MPAs,and promote trans-boundary marine protection in China’s adjacent waters,with a view to providing a basis for decision-making on the selection and control of MPAs.