国际跨境数据流动治理合作:机理、困境与变革

On the Global Cooperation in Cross-Border Data Flow Governance:Mechanisms,Difficulties and Countermeasures

跨境数据流动因巨大的经济价值和潜在的地缘政治风险成为数据治理议题关注的焦点。目前世界跨境数据流动处于以欧美为主导的区域性合作与妥协的跨境数据流动规制下,我国推动国际跨境数据流动的多边治理合作道阻且长。文章调研欧盟、美国、日本、俄罗斯等重要组织和主权国家的跨境数据治理政策,结合双边和多边区域贸易协定,梳理国际跨境数据流动规制的内部机理,剖析全球跨境数据流动多边合作治理存在的困境,提出符合我国价值导向的变革路径。文章将跨境数据流动治理内部机理划分为规制主体、规制客体与规制手段等3个维度,分析国际跨境数据流动治理合作的价值理念互斥、监管制度模糊、区域合作碎片化的现实问题,提出以普适共赢为优先的规则制定、以独立机构为依托的第三方监管、以例外条款为补充的合作前提等3种国际跨境数据流动合作治理变革路径,为我国融入全球跨境数据流动治理提供参考。

Due to its tremendous economic value and potential geopolitical risks,cross-border data flow has drawn much attention,and many countries and regions in the world have made relevant policies to defend their own interests.Up to now,the West has been playing a dominant role in the regulation of cross-border data flow,and it is still a long way for China to promote the multilateral cooperation in cross-border data flow governance.This paper first investigates some important countries(such as the EU countries,the U.S.A.,Japan,Russia)and global organizations’policies related to cross-border data flow governance.Combining such policies with the bilateral and multilateral trade agreements,it then sorts out the internal mechanisms of cross-border data flow governance,and analyzes the difficulties to promote the global cooperation in cross-border data flow governance.It divides the internal governance mechanisms of cross-border data flow into three dimensions,i.e.,regulatory subject,regulatory object and regulatory means,and then points out that the global cooperation in cross-border data flow governance has encountered three main difficulties,i.e.,mutually exclusive governance values,fragmented regional cooperation and ambiguous institutions.Accordingly,it proposes three corresponding ways to overcome the three main difficulties,i.e.,the rule-making with priority on universal situations,the independent third-party regulation,and the exception clauses in trade agreements.These solutions could provide references for China to accelerate its integration into the global governance of cross-border data flows.