腰椎间盘退行性变及不同载荷影响的生物力学研究进展

Biomechanical research progress on lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and effects of different loads

生物力学因素是引起腰椎间盘退行性变的主要原因。正常椎间盘中各组分的相互作用使其能够适应各种复杂的运动状态,同时传递和承担载荷,保持腰椎的稳定性和灵活性。随着腰椎间盘的逐渐退变,其内部结构的应力分布发生相应改变,影响腰椎的生物力学平衡,最终导致腰痛的发生。因此,掌握腰椎间盘及相应运动节段的生物力学状态,明确腰椎间盘退行性变引起盘内发生应力、应变及位移的力学机制至关重要。基于此,本文综述腰椎间盘的结构和生物力学特性、椎间盘退行性变的组织特性及退行性椎间盘有限元建模和应用进展,分析不同运动载荷(压缩、屈伸、旋转及各种复杂运动方式)状态下盘内的受力分布,为未来临床制定相关的治疗方案提供重要的力学价值。

Biomechanical factors are the main causes of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration.The interaction of components in the healthy intervertebral disc enables it to adapt to various complex motion states,transfer and bear loads at the same time,and maintain the stability and flexibility of the lumbar spine.With the degeneration of the lumbar intervertebral disc,the stress distribution in the internal structure of the intervertebral disc changes correspondingly,affecting the biomechanical balance of the lumbar spine,and ultimately leading to low back pain.Therefore,it is important to analyze the biomechanical states of the lumbar intervertebral disc and its corresponding motion segments,and clarify the mechanical mechanism of the stress,strain and displacement in the intervertebral disc caused by the degenerative disc.The study presents an overview on the structure and biomechanical characteristics of the lumbar intervertebral disc,the histological characteristics of the degenerative disc,and the finite element modeling of the degenerative disc and its application,and further analyzes the internal force distributions of the intervertebral disc under different motion loads(compression,flexion,extension,rotation and various complex motion modes),aiming to provide important mechanic information for the treatment scheme formulation.