地下储氢技术研究进展

Research progress of underground hydrogen storage technology

在实现“双碳”战略与能源转型过程中,氢气经管道运输后大规模储存的调峰作用尤为重要,其中地下储氢技术被认为是大规模储氢的最可行方案。目前,中国尚无地下储氢工程。为了推动地下储氢技术发展,综述了地下储氢技术的研究进展及瓶颈问题,分析了地下储氢技术在地质、渗流、材料、注采方面的可行性。结果表明:盐穴中可能发生的地球化学反应、地下微生物反应较少,钢材腐蚀、产氢率降低等问题相对不严重,是较为理想的储氢结构;盐岩具有良好的氢气密封性能,而氢气在枯竭油气藏与含水层结构中的不稳定运移更剧烈,将会导致较为严重的氢气泄漏;金属、水泥及橡胶弹性体材料均有可能在地下储氢环境中发生劣化、渗漏导致材料失效,需针对具体储氢库环境选用合适材料以降低材料失效概率;采用较低的注氢速率、降低垫气分子量可提高氢气采收率。采取优化注采萃取速率与关井期、定期除杂以及使用生物杀菌剂等措施有助于提升氢气纯度。研究结果可为中国未来的地下储氢技术发展提供借鉴与参考。

In the course of the struggle for the“dual carbon”strategy and energy transformation,the peak shaving realized by the largescale storage of hydrogen transported via pipeline is very important,while the underground hydrogen storage technology is recognized as the most feasible solution for large-scale hydrogen storage.So far as can be ascertained,no underground hydrogen storage project has been implemented in China.In pursuit of the accelerated development of underground hydrogen storage technology,a review was made concerning the research progress and technical bottlenecks.Meanwhile,a feasibility analysis was performed in terms of geology,seepage,materials and injection-extraction.Ultimately,the following results were obtained:As a result of few geochemical reactions and underground microbial reactions in salt caverns,there are less prominent steel corrosion and a drop in hydrogen production rate,making such salt caverns ideal hydrogen storage structures.Despite the good hydrogen sealing performance of salt rocks,the particularly violent unstable migration of hydrogen in depleted oil and gas reservoirs and aquifer structures may lead to serious hydrogen leakage.Metal,cement and rubber elastomer materials may be deteriorated and result in seepage in the underground hydrogen storage environment,further leading to material failure.Thus,appropriate materials should be selected according to the specific hydrogen storage environment to reduce the material failure probability.Besides,the hydrogen recovery can be enhanced by a lower hydrogen injection rate and reduced molecular weight of cushion gas.Moreover,the measures,such as the adoption of the optimized injection-extraction rate and shut-in time,regular impurity removal and application of biological bactericides,are conducive to improving the purity of hydrogen.Generally,the research results are expected to provide some references for the future development of underground hydrogen storage technology in China.