此轮欧洲能源危机的原因、应对及启示

The causes,countermeasures,and insights of the European energy crisis

2021年以来,欧洲地区能源供不应求引发价格暴涨,2022年乌克兰危机爆发,进一步扩大欧洲能源供应短缺规模,逐步演变成能源危机。引起危机的原因包括:极端气候影响,天然气供给减少,天然气库存水平过低,欧洲能源转型过于激进,能源对外依存度高,对单一国家依赖性强,可再生能源价格高企的问题未得到有效疏解,传统能源的基础性支撑性作用被忽视。欧洲多国采取了需求压减、增加本地能源供应、拓展进口新通道、加速能源转型、提升天然气储备规模、针对性加税和财政补贴等系列应对举措,一定程度上缓解了危机的负面冲击。中国作为能源净进口大国,能源转型进程与欧洲相似性较高,宜借鉴欧洲在能源危机应对中的经验教训,统筹能源安全与能源转型,维护能源贸易稳定和加强能源应急体系建设。

Since 2021,the undersupply of energy in the European region has triggered a price spike,and with the outbreak of the Ukraine issue in 2022,the scale of the energy supply shortage in Europe is further amplified,gradually evolving into an energy crisis.The causes of the crisis include extreme climate influences,reduced natural gas supply,low gas inventories,radical energy transformation in Europe,high energy dependence on foreign countries,high dependence on single country,effectively blocked high renewable energy prices,and the neglected fundamental and supportive role of traditional energy sources.Many European countries have taken a series of such countermeasures as demand suppression,increasing local energy supply,expanding new import channels,accelerating energy transformation,enhancing the scale of natural gas reserves,and targeted tax increases and fiscal subsidies,which have to some extent alleviated the negative impact of the crisis.As a large net importer of energy,China's energy transition process is more similar to that of Europe.It is advisable to learn from Europe's responses to the energy crisis,integrate energy security and energy transformation,maintain energy trade stability and strengthen the construction of an energy emergency system.