整合论宪法学:找回国家还是失去国家?--读斯门德《宪法与实在宪法》

Integration Theory of Constitution:Recovering the Stateor Losing the State?-A Book Review of Rudolf Smend's Verfassung Und Verfasungsrech

整合是宪法的原初使命,斯门德的《宪法与实在宪法》是国家整合的重要理论资源。鉴于国家在公法研究中的缺席,斯门德在方法论上实现了精神科学和国家法学的结盟,以一种辩证、运动的思维修补了个人与整体、经验和现实的断裂。作为一种生活过程,国家整合包括人的整合、功能整合和质的整合,斯门德以此重新解释了国家法的基本范畴。结合历史反思斯门德对于魏玛议会、总统制和联邦的分析,可以发现其抽象的分析框架高估了从个体到整体的连续性,未能触及具体的权力运作机制,相当程度上忽略了对主权的考察,因而无法提供有效的整合路径。如何结合社会现实推进国家整合,仍然是摆在宪法学者面前的任务。

Integration is the original mission of the constitution,and Smend's V erfassung und Verfa sungsrecht is an important theoretical resource for di scussing state integration in German public law.In view of the absence of the State in the study of public law,Smend achieved a methodologi cal alliance between the spiritual sciences and the public law,mending the rupture between the individual and the whole,between experience and reality,with a dialectical movement of thought.As a process of the life,state integration includes human integration,functional integration,and qua litative integration,through which Smend reinterpreted the basic categories of state law such as the body of the state,fundamental rights,state organs,and state functions.Combined with a historical rethinking of Smend's analysis of the Weimar Parliament,the presidency,and the federation,we can see that his simplified abstract analytical framework overestimates the continuity of the individual to the whole,fails to reach the complex mechani sms of power functioning in reality,and quite neglects the examination of sovereignty,thus failing to provide an el fective path to integration.How to advance national integration in the context of political realities remains a task for constitutional scholars.