从“百苗图”看中华民族计时制度的兼容互惠

On the Inclusiveness and Reciprocity of the Chinese Nation in the Timing System as Viewed through"Miao Album"

各民族传统文化建构何种计时制度去协调和统一全体成员的生产生活,会很自然地形成互有区别的计时制度。通过计时制度将无形的时间转化为可以直接感知的有形物化形式,使每一成员均可直接感受时间进程的存在,并自觉地按照时间的进程安排生产生活行动,从而实现整个社会生活的协调与统一。各民族的节令习俗即为这一基础上形成的规律性、周而复始的社会集体行动。中华民族在漫长的历史进程中,逐步健全完善了至今仍延续生效的传统农历,各少数民族一方面接受了传统农历的节制,另一方面又根据自己所处的自然生态系统特点和社会历史进程,创制了各不相同的地方性历法,最终在中华民族内形成了兼容互惠、和谐共生的统一历法体系,并在各民族的传统节令习俗中得到生动形象的表达,发挥其效用。以当代传世的“百苗图”文本为例,不难从中形象的感知到中国传统农历在提高中华民族命运共同体内聚力方面所发挥的重大贡献,同时也足以展示各民族之间各美其美、美人之美、美美与共的博大精深境界。

Due to the difference of traditional culture each ethnicity may have different timing system in coordinating and uniting the production and living of its member.The timing system could convert intangible time into tangible forms through which each member could directly experience the course of time,arrange production,living and action conscientiously according to time and realize the coordination and unity of the entire social life.The regular and cyclic social collective actions thus came into being because of the customs of festivals for each ethnicity.In the long history of Chinese nation the traditional lunar calendar was gradually improved and even functions its roles today.The lunar calendar,unified throughout China,was enriched by local calendars by each minority ethnicity according to its natural ecological traits and social historical course,exemplified by means of traditional festival customs.With"Miao Album"as an example,this classic passed down from generation to generation shows the cohesive force of the Chinese nation community as well as the reciprocity between Chinese ethnicities,be they Chinese Han or Chinese minority people.