施工扬尘扩散模拟与工人健康损害定量评估研究

Research on simulation of construction dust diffusion and quantitative assessment for damage to workers’health

为准确掌握现场不同工作条件下的生产工人受施工扬尘损害情况,利用计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)技术,对土方运输阶段不同工况下的扬尘扩散进行模拟,获取场地内各区域扬尘扩散情况与扬尘质量浓度。根据模拟结果,采用伤残调整生存年法(Disability-Adjusted Life Year,DALY),建立土方运输阶段的工人健康损害量化评估方法,定量分析施工扬尘引起的工人健康损害及抑尘措施的阻损效果。结果表明:不同工作区域内建筑工人的健康损害程度不同,且对场地地面清洁度的变化较为敏感,采取措施降低地面积尘负荷后健康损害减轻度较大;土方运输工人长期工作暴露下,两种不同质量浓度的施工扬尘对其健康的减损高达0.51 a和0.18 a。研究可为管理者准确区分工人健康损害情况以设计科学施工扬尘管理体系、加强劳动保障提供依据。

To clarify the damage of construction dust on workers’health under different working conditions,the earthwork transportation stage in a construction project in Xiamen City was selected as the research object,and the dust diffusion in this stage was simulated based on Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)technology.By analyzing the simulation results,the dust mass concentration under different working conditions in each area was obtained and verified by comparing it with measurement results.A quantitative assessment model of workers’health damage in the earthwork transportation stage was established by using the Disability-Adjusted Life Year(DALY)approach.According to the simulated dust mass concentration,the damage to workers’health caused by construction dust and the effects of dust suppression measures were quantitatively assessed.The results show that the degree of construction workers’health damage in different working areas is different.Dust exposure to workers in the rear of earthwork vehicles and downwind areas is high and last for a long time,with the greatest damage to workers’health.And health damage caused by construction dust is sensitive to the change in ground cleanliness.It is reduced after taking measures to reduce the dust load of the ground area.Without and with dust suppression measures,long-term exposure to construction dust of earthwork transport workers reduced their health by 0.51 years and 0.18 years respectively.The reduction of dust suppression measures was as high as 64.7%.CFD technology can help to precisely distinguish the health damage on workers under different dust exposure.The results provide a basis for the design of a scientific construction dust management system and for strengthening labor security.