思维前提的批判与马克思政治哲学革命

The Critique of the Premise of Thinking and the Revolution of Marx's Political Philosoph

马克思政治哲学在政治哲学史上实现了革命性转换,这与思维前提的批判直接相关。近代以来的西方政治哲学先是在一条经验主义的路线上发展的,黑格尔在逻辑学的意义上,通过思想的形式来把握事物,由此扬弃了事物的纯粹直观、偶然性和特殊性形式,并以理性和辩证的方式进阶到以现实性和历史性为原则和底色的思维框架。马克思以充分吸收黑格尔的辩证法思想为基础,在思维前提上对近代以来的经验主义进行了透彻批判,由此建立起了由辩证法所标注的、具有穿透力的、以现实历史为落点的理论思维。这既是思维方式上的一次重大革命和推进,也意味着政治哲学的一次重大革命和推进。因为马克思基于思维方式上的革命而对市民社会所作出的两方面的深刻认识和批判——对个人与共同体、特殊利益与普遍利益之矛盾的揭示以及对市民社会之“平等性”的历史批判,将近代以来的政治哲学推进和提升到一个新的认知水平和理论高度,同时也从根本上解决了价值与事实、理论与现实之间的断裂问题。

Marx's political philosophy has achieved a revolutionary transformation in the history of political philosophy,which is directly related to the critique of the premise of thinking.The western political philosophy since modern times developed on an empirical line.In the sense of logic,Hegel grasped things through the form of thought,thus sublating the pure intuition,contingency and special form of things,and advancing to the thinking framework with reality and history as the principle in a rational and dialectical way.On the basis of fully absorbing Hegel's dialectic thought,Marx thoroughly criticized empiricism since modern times from the premise of thinking,and thus established the theoretical thinking marked by dialectics,with penetrating power,and with real history as the point of focus.This is not only a major revolution and advance in the mode of thinking,but also means a major revolution and advance in political philosophy.Marx's profound understanding and criticism of civil society based on the revolution in the mode of thinking-the revelation of the contradiction between the individual and the community,the special interest and the general interest,and the historical criticism of the"equality"of civil society-promotes and elevates the political philosophy since modern times to a new cognitive level and theoretical height,and also fundamentally solves the problem of rupture between value and fact,theory and reality.