清代道光“癸巳大水”研究

Research on the Big Flood in 1833 of Qing China

道光十三年水灾是一次波及范围广、持续时间长、破坏性强、影响深远的重大灾害事件。灾害发生后,清廷全力实施救灾。所有赈济开销,除无法纳入计算的口粮、籽种、官民捐赈等各项,明确可考的支用为2 657 509.731两白银。本年用于水利上的开支不低于450万两白银。各省蠲缓3 101 080两白银,蠲缓后少征600万两白银。大水对清朝的关税与盐课收入也造成影响。综计此次水灾所造成的财政损失超过1370万两白银,占全部财政收入的1/3以上。道光时期大水灾频繁发生,“癸巳大水”是其中的关键一例。在连续灾害的重压之下,清王朝已是沉疴在身,呈江河日下之势。

The flood of 1833 is a big disaster which has the characteristics of wide scope,long duration and far-reaching influence.After the disaster broke out,the Qing government made every effort to implement relief.The expenditure of disaster relief was over 2,657,509.731 taels of silver.The expenditure on water conservancy was no less than 4.5 million taels in this year.There also had land tax loss,with 3,101,080 taels of silver to be postponed and 5,590,774 tales of silver to be reduced.The total financial losses of the flood exceeded 1/3 of the total fiscal revenue.Major floods occurred frequently in Daoguang period,and the big flood of 1833 was an important part of it.Under the heavy pressure of successive disaster,the Qing Dynasty fell into decline.