我国中小学生学业负担治理的历程回溯与困境突破

Retrospect and Breakthrough of the Management of the Academic Burden of Primary and Secondary School Students in China

我国中小学生学业负担治理先后经历了五个阶段:从学生身体健康出发的初探阶段、因学生学业负担过轻而导致的停滞阶段、以缓解升学压力为目标的恢复阶段、以素质教育推进为依托的发展阶段、以全方位综合治理为导向的完善阶段。自20世纪八九十年代至今,中小学生学业负担过重问题尚未得到根本性解决。学业负担治理面临着宏观减负政策科学化水平有待提升、地方治理机制不成熟、学校与教师减负主动性和能动性不足、家长和培训机构阻滞减负政策执行等问题。要突破“减负难”的困境,实现有效治理,需要健全政策、法规和治理机制,强化教师专业素养和减负能力,提升学生自我减负内生力,转变校外培训机构治理思路,改变家长的教育观和成才观。

The management of the academic burden of primary and secondary school students in China has gone through five stages:the initial stage started from the students'physical health,the stagnation stage caused by the students'light academic burden,the recovery stage aimed at alleviating the pressure of entering a higher school,the development stage based on the promotion of quality education,and the improvement stage guided by the concept of comprehensive management.Since the 1980s and 1990s,the problem of students'excessive academic burden has not yet been fundamentally solved.The management of academic burden is faced with problems and obstacles such as the scientific level of macro policy needs to be improved,the local management mechanism is not mature,the initiative and motivation of schools and teachers are insufficient,and parents and training institutions prevent the implementation of the policy together.In order to break through the dilemma of"difficulty in reducing burden"and achieve effective management,it is necessary to improve policies,regulations and management mechanisms,strengthen teachers'professional literacy and ability to reduce burden,improve students'endogenous ability to reduce their own burden,transform the governance ideas of out-of-school training institutions,and change parents'views on education and talent.