维特根斯坦的语言实践观

Wittgenstein’s View of Linguistic Practice

在众多因素的联合作用尤其是拉姆齐和斯拉法的激烈批评之下,维特根斯坦逐渐走出《逻辑哲学论》的抽象语言实践观,在以《哲学研究》为代表作的后期哲学中展现了人类语言实践的广阔背景,并以此为依据揭示传统哲学由于误解语言用法而产生的种种问题。虽然维特根斯坦以“语言游戏”“家族相似”“生活形式”等独创性概念以及举例分析和对话辩驳的独特方法所开展的是一种“语法性研究”,但正是“人类学”转向才使他看清人类语言实践的本来面目,看清语言的社会性和历史性,从而为这种研究、为批判传统哲学奠定坚实的基础。《哲学研究》依据人类语言实践从简单到复杂的演进历程,循序渐进地揭示了以“名称对象”模型为主要误解图像而产生的种种哲学问题,不仅提供了反省哲学本性的经典案例,而且为哲学的实践转向注入新的活力。

view of linguistic practice in Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.In his later philosophy represented mainly in Philosophical Investigations,he displayed an expansive background of human linguistic practice,and uncovered the various problems,by relying on the background,in the traditional philosophies which misunderstood the use of language.Although what he conducted,with his original concepts“language game”,“family resemblance”,“form of life”and his particular methods of analysis of examples and dispute of conversations,is“grammtical study”,and it is just his turn of“anthropology”that makes Wittgenstein see clearly the true nature of human linguistic practice and the sociality and historical significance of language,and lay foundation for such a study to criticize the traditional philosophy.According to the evolution of human linguistic practice from the simple to the complex,Philosophical Investigations revealed step by step the various problems aroused mainly by the misunderstood picture of“name-object”model,which not only supplies the classical example of reflecting the nature of philosophy,but also injects the vitality to the turn of philosophy of practice.