我国人民代表大会制度优越性的结构功能视角解读

Structural-Functional Perspective on Advantages of the Chinese People’s Congress System

人大制度何以优越?传统的解释包括历史国情论、选举民主论、国家治理论以及权力关系论等。结构功能分析框架可以提供一个新的分析视角。从功能上说,“四个机关”的定位,既体现了人大系统的多元功能,也体现了人大系统的多维度优越性。这些功能涉及体系层次的功能、过程层次的功能和政策层次的功能。“四个机关”之间不是简单的并列关系。“国家权力机关”的定位体现了人大机关的本质,是四个功能定位的核心所在;“工作机关”的功能定位是对人大依法行使职责的要求,也是对“国家权力机关”定位的落实;“代表机关”的功能定位也是实现人大机关作为“国家权力机关”功能定位的一个重要途径;而“政治机关”的功能定位是确保人大机关各项功能得以有效运转的根本保障。“四个机关”的功能是在“一元二体”组织结构的基础上得以实现的。“一元”是指人民主权的权力本源,一切权力属于人民。“二体”是指人民代表大会及其常设机关人大常委会,包括人大系统的内部组织机构。人民代表大会的制度优势转化为治理效能,需要兼顾“一元二体”结构下人大及其常委会组织和职权的均衡发展、“四个机关”复合职权的均衡发展、内部结构与外部结构的均衡发展、结构和功能的均衡发展。

Why is the Chinese people’s congress system superior?Traditional explanations include:historical theory,democracy theory,power relationship theory and governance theory.The structural functional framework can provide a new perspective for analysis.The nature and status of the“four organs”of the people’s congress and its standing committee is an advantage of the people’s congress system in China.The organizational structure of the people’s congresses in China has the characteristics of“one origin and two entities”.This is the structural root of the superiority of the people’s congress system.The abovementioned characteristics of the composition structure and functions and powers of the people’s congresses at all levels and their standing committees reflect the inherent logic of the operation of the people’s congress system in China.For the people’s congress to better fulfill its roles,there should be a balance between the development of people’s congress and its standing committee,a balance between the functions of four organs,a balance between internal organization and exterior environment.