国家空间选择与地方空间重构:重庆两江新区空间影响研究

State Spatial Selectivity and Local Spatial Restructuring:The Relational Spatial Impacts of Chongqing Liangjiang New Area

国家空间选择反映了国家治理的空间偏好,通过在选定空间进行尺度建构,引发地方多尺度空间重构。国家级新区作为一种基于地方的国家空间选择策略,2010年以来得到学界广泛关注。现有研究重点审视这一策略建构实施的过程、机制和内在逻辑,对其如何嵌构并影响地方空间重构的探讨尚不深入。本文以中国内陆首个国家级新区——重庆两江新区为例,揭示其在都市区北部的治理建构对产业和人口的多层次空间影响,比照欧美20世纪90年代以来国家空间选择向都市区尺度上移后在次区域层面形成的新空间非均衡现象,从政策治理环境、地方政府角色探讨了中国与欧美国家空间选择对地方空间影响的异同,丰富了国家空间选择理论的地方化理解。

Spatial selectivity of the state(SSS),enforced and concretized through unpacking hegemonic programs and accumulation strategies,can be understood as an interpretation,an intermedium,and an aftermath of political ideology.Spatial selectivity at the nation-state level creates new state space(NSS)of/for capital accumulation whereby state intervention denaturalizes the socioeconomic process and elicits profound socioeconomic restructuring.By privileging certain spatial scale,state engraves authority to the socioeconomic basis and engendered variegated spatial process.In western Europe and north America,the unstable,evolving form of SSS has resulted in“politics of uneven distribution”and provoked a sui generis characteristics of capital production and spatial change,e.g.,the North-South divide in City of London since late 1980s.Chinese territorial urbanization has touched off substantial scholarship from an SSS perspective in the wake of its ascending to the world’s second largest economy.In planning practice,the favored scale of SSS for capital accumulation evolves from time to time,unceasingly breaking the extant spatial orders for(re)balance.National New Area has been the nation’s strategic spatial selectivity and has been received wide scholarly attention since 2010.Embedded with new state-directed visions,the national new areas are comprehensive functional zones approved by the State Council shouldering major national development and strategic tasks of reform and opening up to promote industrialization and comprehensive urban development.Until 2018,China has approved a total of 19 national-level new areas,of which 9 are located on the coast and 10 are located inland,with land areas ranging from 100 to 2,500 square kilometers,assuming the mission of promoting a balanced regional development in China.Extant research has primarily stressed the process,mechanism and operational logic of national new area,studies look into spatial restructuring elicited by the strategy are limited.This research shares the view endorsed by Harvey that human activity creates specific spatial form and examines the restructured spatial pattern defined by socioeconomic activities under Chongqing Liangjiang New Area.Along the upper reach of Yangtze River Basin,Chongqing has a large area crisscrossed by rivers and mountains.Its unique location and topography have made the city a transport hub and a focal point for national defense for a long time.Liangjiang New Area is located in the main city proper of Chongqing.As the third national-level new area in China after Pudong and Binhai,and the first inland new area,Liangjiang has been established for a relatively long time thus it’s able to reflect the local effect of the state spatial selectivity.Moreover,the urbanrural dualist structure of Liangjiang is representative for inland region where urbanization rates are far below the coastal area.The main findings of this research are threefold.First,Liangjiang as the national new area approved by the State Council aims to balance the development differences between the east and western regions.This is reflected in the slowdown of the net outflow of population in Chongqing.Second,local government takes advantage of the construction of new scale to promote the northward expansion of the main city and the integration of resources for a strong urban core,which lead to new spatial imbalance in the metropolitan area.Such unbalanced development is reflected in the spatial distribution of industrial resources and the population flow in Chongqing’s main city,one circle and two wings structure.Liangjiang New Area has contributed to the integration and structural adjustment of industrial resources in metropolitan Chongqing.However,as main employment opportunities remain concentrate in the main city,its population has continued growth rapidly.The promotion of public rental housing and household registration system reforms for rural to register as non-agricultural residents also matters for this growth.This article also discusses how the new spatial imbalance results from the national new area strategy differs from what happened in Euro-America since 1990s,contributing to a localized understanding towards the impacts of state spatial selectivity.