青海热贡唐卡的生物文化初探

Biocultural profiles of Qinghai Regong Thangka

生物多样性的减少不仅意味着基因、物种和生态系统的损失,还威胁到人类文化的多样性。唐卡被誉为藏族传统文化的“百科全书”,其内容涵盖了社会、历史、文化、宗教、医药等诸多方面。青海热贡唐卡作为唐卡的重要流派,因生动细腻的形象描绘和大量自然景观的刻画而广为流传。该文将文献分析、作品分析与民族生物学实地调查等方法相结合,从热贡止唐(绘画唐卡)绘制所用到的生物材料和热贡唐卡画面内容所反映的生物形象两方面对其生物文化进行了研究。该研究揭示了热贡止唐传统绘画工具和12种天然植物颜料的基源生物与制作工艺,探讨了热贡唐卡作品中常出现的生物形象本源、来源及其文化功能,阐释了热贡唐卡教诲图中传递的生态理念。总体而言,热贡唐卡取材于大自然,其内容亦反哺大自然。未来,应更加注重热贡唐卡的传统技艺及其生物多样性相关传统知识的保护与传承,进一步发掘其传统知识传播和自然教育的潜能。

The loss of biodiversity not only means the loss of genes,species and ecosystems,but also threatens the human cultural diversity.Thangka is known as the‘encyclopaedia’of traditional Tibetan culture,covering social,historical,cultural,religious and medicinal aspects.Qinghai Regong Thangka is one of the most important sects of Thangka,and has vivid and delicate depiction of images,and the numerous depictions of natural landscapes.By combining the methods of literature analysis,work analysis and ethnobiological fieldwork,the biocultural aspects of Regong Thangka are studied in terms of the traditional knowledge related to biodiversity in the painting techniques of Regong Thangka and the analysis of the connotation of biological images.The study revealed the biological origins and production processes of the traditional painting tools and 12 natural plant-derived pigments for Regong Thangka;explored the origins and functions of the biological images often found in the Thangka works;explained the ecological concepts conveyed from Regong Thangka.In general,Regong Thangkas are not only resulted from nature,but also provide feedbacks to nature in their content.In the future,we should pay attention to the protection and inheritance of the traditional skills and biodiversity related traditional knowledge of Regong Thangka,and further explore its functions of traditional knowledge dissemination and nature education.