南粮北运:全面内战时期的粮荒危机与政府应对——基于平津地区的考察

Grain from South to North:Grain Shortage Crisis and National Government’s Response in the Period of the Full-scale Civil War——Based on the Investigation of Pingjin Area

第三次国共内战带来的连锁反应,致使平津地区深陷粮荒。解决平津粮荒的核心是疏畅粮源,为此国民政府自1947年7月后即实施南粮北运计划。在此期间,平津各地方政府、工商团体通过自行筹购、赴京请愿等方式,为筹购粮食而奔走呼告。而国民党中央亦响应平津市府的请求,在办理粮贷、开放申汇、放宽限制、协助购运等方面付诸便利。继五大都市配粮会议之后,平津两市试行民食配售制度,南粮北运实现统一运销。南粮北运部分缓解了平津粮荒危机对人民生活和社会秩序的威胁,但亦有问题迭出。国民党的南粮北运粮政实践,体现出中央政府的强势和地方政府无权自治的困境。南粮北运粮政失败,抑或可视为国民党败退平津的历史致因。

The chain reaction brought about by the third civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party caused the Pingjin area to fall into a food shortage.The core of solving the grain shortage in Pingjin area was to unblock the grain source.For this reason,the National Government implemented the plan of south-to-north transportation of grain since July 1947.During this period,local governments and industrial and commercial groups in Beiping and Tianjin rushed to raise food by raising their own purchases and petitioning in Nanking.The Nanking National Government also simultaneously responded to the request of the Beiping and Tianjin municipal governments and facilitated the processing of grain loans,opening up remittance interest,relaxing grain transportation restrictions,and assisting in purchasing and transportation of food.Following the grain distribution meeting of the five major cities,the two cities of Beiping and Tianjin implemented the distribution system of civilian food.And the transportation and sales of grains from the south to the north also became unified.The south-to-north transportation of grain partially alleviated the threat of the grain shortage crisis in Pingjin area to people’s lives and the stability of the social order,but problems have also emerged.The Kuomintang’s practice of transporting grain from the south to the north reflected the powerful control strength of the central government and the predicament that the local government has no right to govern local areas.The failure of the government to transport grain from the south to the north can be regarded as the historical cause of the failure of the Kuomintang regime in Pingjin area.