宋代流人量移考

The Research on the Shortening of Exile Distance in Song Dynasty

流人量移始见于唐代,因契合“刑罚差序格局”“恤刑观”“天下观”等传统法律理念,而得以发展与制度化。至宋,由律、救、令、格、式、例与命令文书共同规制的流人量移法律体系逐渐形成并不断发展。在保留唐代遇赦量移的基础上,宋人还增加了气请量移的途径。但并非所有流人皆可据此量移,其还需满足适格主体、法定刑期与指定期间的法律规定。符合法定条件的流人,多由中央与地方官更共同确认后,交由地方官更实际执行,一般以流放地为起点,向量移中心分等级移近。而关于量移中心与等级的确定,在不同时期存在不同的规定。宋人对唐代流人量移规定的承袭与变迁,反映出最初制度设计理想与执行现实之间的矛盾与妥协,亦可为唐宋变革论乃至流刑发展规律提供不同分析视角。

The shortening of exile distance was first seen in Tang Dynasty,and was developed and institutionalised in line with traditional legal idea such as hierarchical order of penalty,prudential punishment and the perspective of the world.In Song Dynasty,its legal system gradually took shape,which was regulated by legal articles and emperor's order document.On the basis of the legal institution in Tang Dynasty,Song Dynasty added move method that could be applied for.However,not all exiles can obtain the opportunity to shorten their exile distance through application,as they also need to meet the legal requirements of Subject conditions,statutory sentence and specified period.Those who met the legal requirements will be confirmed by the central and local officials,and then handed over to local officials for execution.It usually move from exile place to the legal center by grade.The rules regarding the center and grade changed in different times.Song Dynasty inherited and reformed the institutional regulations of Tang Dynasty,which reflects the contradiction and compromise between ideals and reality.It also can provide a different analytical perspective on the theory of Tang-Song transition and the history of Exile.