论口供中心的冤案证据实践模式——兼论“证据之间相互印证”与证明标准的规范关系

On Criminal Injustice Evidence Pattern Centered On the Oral Confession:Also On the Normative Relationship between"Mutual Verification of Evidence"and the Standard of criminal

我国近年揭露的多数刑事冤案,从侦查到审判程序,存在着一种大致相同的证据模式。冤案的证据流程为:侦查机关以口供为中心构建有罪证据;检察机关形式化地审查证据;法院有罪倾向地裁判证据、认定事实。冤案存在着两个“印证型”证据体系,一个是侦查机关构建的以口供为中心的控诉证据体系,另一个是法院几乎完全采信控诉证据而形成的裁判证据体系。冤案裁判证据体系的形成,主要是法院误用了如下相关证据法规则:被告人庭前供述的采信、“未到庭证人的证言笔录”的采信、鉴定意见的采信、“证据确实、充分”的认定。针对口供中心冤案的证据模式,庭审对策即是对《刑事诉讼法》的有关证据条款进行符合“以审判为中心的诉讼制度改革”的法教义学解释。“证据之间相互印证”需要以单个证据具有合法性、真实性与相关性为前提条件,其为刑事证明标准的一个必要条件、非充分条件。

In recent years,there is a similar evidence pattern in criminal injustice cases exposed in our country from investigation to trial procedure.The evidence flow of criminal injustice cases is like this:the investigation organ constructs the guilty evidence with the oral confession as the center;the prosecutors examine the evidence perfunctorily;the court has a tendency to judge the evidence and determine the facts guilty.There are two evidence systems of"mutual proof"in criminal injustice cases,one is the evidence system of accusation centered on the oral confession constructed by the investigation organs,the other is the judicial evidence system formed by the court almost completely taking charge of the accusation evidence.The judicial evidence of criminal injustice cases is formed,because the court has misused several rules of evidence law:the pretrial statement of the defendant,the testimony of a witness who is not in court,and appraisal opinion are adopted by the court;the standard of"true and sufficient evidence"is identified.The Countermeasure of evidence pattern in criminal injustice cases is the legal doctrine interpretation of the relevant evidence clauses of the Criminal Procedure Law of 2018 in line with"trial-centered reform of the litigation system".The Countermeasure of evidence pattern in criminal injustice cases is the legal doctrine interpretation of the relevant evidence clauses of the Criminal Procedure Law of 2018 in line with"trial-centered reform of the litigation system"."the proof overlapping of criminal evidences"needs to take the legitimacy,authenticity and relevance of individual evidences as the premise;and it is a necessary but not a sufficient condition of the standard of criminal proof.