中国地级城市职业空间演化的技能关联机制研究

Skill Relatedness Mechanism of Occupation Space Evolution in Chinese Prefecture-level Cities

采用2000年全国人口普查和2015年全国人口抽样调查微观数据集提供的分地级城市分职业小类的从业人员数据,运用社会网络分析方法,构建中国地级城市职业空间、可视化职业之间的技能关联性,并从职业进入、职业退出和就业增长三方面分析技能关联对职业空间演化的影响。结果表明:①中国地级城市职业空间网络异质性明显,技能关联度高的工作群主要集中在网络中心,且有显著的跨技能关联特征,技能关联度低的工作群零散分布于外围。②2000—2015年,专业人员的技能关联率提高最多,在农业生产人员上有专业化优势的城市一直最多,机电装配人员和生产操作人员的遍在性提高最多,管理人员、专业人员和技术人员等高技能水平职业类的遍在性明显降低。③技能关联对职业进入和就业增长具有显著促进作用,对职业退出具有显著抑制作用,影响程度在不同规模等级的城市之间存在明显的差异性。可以认为,各地区可大力吸引与本地技能关联度高的劳动力,以提高劳动力市场的匹配程度,稳定就业增长。

Based on the data of the employees in prefectural cities in China provided by microdata sets of the 6th national population census and the national population sampling survey in 2015,using the method of social network analysis,this paper constructs the occupation space networks of China and analyzes the skill relatedness between occupations or job classes.It explores the impact of skill relatedness on the evolution of occupation space from three aspects:occupation entry,occupation exit,and employment growth.The main results are summarized as follows:1)The network of occupation space shows the obvious structural heterogeneity in China.The job classes with high degree of skill relatedness are mainly concentrated in the network center.However,the job classes with low or no skill relatedness are scattered in the periphery.Meanwhile,the job classes with high-skill relatedness are characterized as cross-skill proximity.2)The skill relatedness rate of professionals showed the biggest improvement from 2000 to 2015.The number of cities with specialization advantages in agricultural production personnel had always been the largest.The number of machinesite assembly personnel and production operators increased the most,and the occurrence of management personnel,professional personnel and technical personnel decreased significantly.3)Skill relatedness has significant impacts on the entry and exit of job classes as well as the employment growth.Moreover,these impacts differed between cities with different scale grades.The results suggest that it should attract labors with high skill relatedness to local occupation space to improve the matching degree of local labor market and to sustain local employment growth.