从现象句和判断句看主语与话题关系

Relationship between Subject and Topic from the Perspectives of Phenomenon Sentence and Judgment Sentence

主语与话题关系问题近年来业已成为汉语语法研究的老大难。根据日本学者的研究,现象句与判断句乃是直接对应于主语与话题的两种表达类型。文章以汉语中典型的现象句与判断句为窗口,就主语与话题的同异,从认知基础、语用功能、语法特征等角度作了深入考察。在此基础上,文章对主语与话题关系的三种观点作了不无必要的再检讨,指出:“同一观”忽视陈述对象已知与未知的区别,“平行观”存在方法上的缺憾,“交叉观”较为符合实际;同时指出,话题特征实由语用要求所决定,没有丝毫迹象显示话题会最终放弃动态话语调节者身份而转变为静态句法成分。文章并就析句时如何正确反映话题与主语以及其他成分关系作了再讨论。基于主语与现象句、话题与判断句只是大体对应而非完全吻合,今后的有关研究除了需要充分利用现象句与判断句的窗口作用,还需加强对焦点前置句、儿歌句、谜语句的学术探讨。

The relationship between subject and topic has become a challenging issue in the research of Chinese grammar in recent years.According to Japanese scholars,phenomenon sentences and judgment sentences are two types of patterns that directly correspond to the subject and topic.This paper takes typical Chinese phenomenon and judgment sentences to conduct a thorough examination of the similarities and differences between subjects and topics from the perspectives of cognitive basis,pragmatic function and grammatical features.On this basis,a necessary re-examination of three perspectives on the relationship between subject and topic has been carried out.Therefore,this paper points out that the “view on the same relationship”neglects the difference between the known and unknown,and the“view on the parallel relationship” has methodological shortcomings,while the “view on the overlapping relationship” is more in line with reality.Besides,it also points out that the characteristics of the topic are actually determined by pragmatic requirements,and there is no indication that the topic will eventually give up its role as a dynamic discourse regulator and transform into a static syntactic component.This paper also discusses how to reflect the relationship among the topic,subject and other components correctly when analyzing sentences.Since the subject and phenomenon sentences,as well as the topic and judgment sentences,are only “roughly” corresponding rather than completely consistent,it is finally put forward in addition to fully utilizing the window effect of phenomenon and judgment sentences,it is also necessary to strengthen academic research of focus prepositional sentences,nursery rhyme sentences,and riddle sentences in the future.