高温合金锻件残余应力量化表征及控制技术研究进展

Research Progress Regarding Quantitative Characterization and Control Technology of Residual Stress in Superalloy Forgings

残余应力是在没有外力的作用下,仍以平衡状态存在于物体内部的应力,主要源于制备过程中不均匀的塑性变形。高温合金层错能低、回复困难,因此相对于其他金属材料来说,残余应力易累积、难释放、控制难度大,并由此导致了后续加工和使用过程中的各类问题。本文从高温合金锻件残余应力的形成和演化机理出发,综述了铸-锻-热处理-机加工-焊接等工艺中残余应力测试表征、数值模拟、优化控制等方面的研究进展,并重点介绍了多尺度残余应力与高温合金中析出相变的交互作用行为,及残余应力对高温合金锻件服役性能的影响,并在此基础上展望了合理预置并利用残余应力的可能性。

Residual stress exists in an equilibrium state inside an object without external forces,mainly due to uneven plastic deformation during object preparation.Superalloys exhibit low stacking fault energy and face difficulty in recovery.Therefore,compared with the residual stress in other metal materials,the residual stress in superalloys accumulates easily and is difficult to release and control,causing various problems in their subsequent processing and service.Starting from the formation and evolution mechanism of residual stress in superalloy forgings,this article reviews the research progress regarding the casting,forging,heat treatment,machining,and welding processes involved in residual stress characterization,numerical simulation,optimization control,etc.and focuses on analyzing the interaction behaviors between multiscale residual stress and precipitation phase transformation in superalloys.Further,this article analyzes the impact of residual stress on the service performance of superalloy forgings;the possibility of reasonable preset and utilization of residual stress is envisioned based on this.