我国奶牛场犊牛饲养管理现状调查与犊牛腹泻风险因素分析

Survey of Calf Feeding and Management Status and Analysis of Risk Factors for Calf Diarrhea in Chinese Dairy Farms

为了对我国犊牛饲养管理现状进行阐述,同时鉴定我国规模化奶牛场中致犊牛腹泻的风险因素,本调查采用网络调查问卷和多元线性回归法,收集国内奶牛场产犊管理、初乳管理、犊牛日常饲养管理和腹泻犊牛治疗的相关信息并从中分析致犊牛腹泻的风险因素。结果显示,受访的57个奶牛场中,犊牛腹泻年平均发病率为22.53%(2.50%~97.50%,分位数:1.0%~80.0%);问卷所得信息经整理分析后展示了受访奶牛场在产犊管理、初乳管理、犊牛日常饲养管理和腹泻犊牛治疗方面的现状;风险因素分析结果显示,寒冷季节、初乳采用60℃1 h的巴氏杀菌程序、产圈垫料更换频率低于1次/2周、奶桶消毒频率低于1次/7 d、仅采用口服补液治疗腹泻犊牛均与犊牛腹泻发病率呈正相关;出生2 h和出生12 h进行脐带消毒、产圈垫料更换频率为1周1次、使用独立的产圈、使用初乳折射仪检测初乳质量、由兽医或犊牛饲养员饲喂初乳、以抗生素为主配合口服或静脉补液和以口服补液为主配合抗生素治疗犊牛腹泻与犊牛腹泻发病率呈负相关。本调查归纳总结了当前国内奶牛场犊牛饲养管理现状,分析了导致犊牛腹泻的相应风险因素,为进一步提高国内犊牛饲养管理水平提供参考。

This study aimed to describe the current status of calf feeding and management in Chinese dairy farms and identify risk factors for calf diarrhea in large-scale dairy farms.A combination of online surveys and multiple linear regression analysis was used to collect relevant information on calving management,colostrum management,daily calf feeding management,and calf diarrhea treatment in domestic dairy farms.The data was then analyzed to determine the risk factors associated with calf diarrhea.The results showed that among the 57 surveyed dairy farms,the annual average annual incidence of calf diarrhea was 22.53%(ranging from 2.50%to 97.50%,with quartiles between 1.0%and 80.0%).The collected information from the questionnaires revealed the current status in calving management,colostrum management,daily calf feeding management,and calf diarrhea treatment in the surveyed dairy farms.The risk factor analysis indicated positive correlations between the incidence of calf diarrhea and factors such as cold season,colostrum treated with a 60℃1 h pasteurization program,calf pen bedding changed less than once every two weeks,milk bucket disinfection frequency less than once every 7 days,and exclusive use of oral rehydration therapy for treating calf diarrhea.Conversely,factors such as disinfection of calf umbilical cords within 2 hours and 12 hours after birth,calf pen bedding changed once a week,use of individual calf pens,colostrum quality checked using a refractometer,calf feeding by veterinarians or dedicated calf caretakers,and treatment with antibiotics combined with oral or intravenous rehydration therapy or primary oral rehydration therapy combined with antibiotics showed negative correlations with the incidence of calf diarrhea.This survey provides an overview of the current calf feeding and management status in domestic dairy farms and identifies relevant risk factors associated with calf diarrhea,offering valuable insights for improving the standards of calf rearing in domestic dairy farming.