《民法典》监护人责任的性质再论与规范统合

Integration of the Rules and Re-exploration of the Nature of Guardian’s Responsibility in Civil Code

明确监护人责任的性质是解决监护人制度现存问题的前提,基于法定监护义务之违反,监护人责任的性质应为特殊的自己责任而非替代责任,此特殊性在责任构成和承担上皆有体现。监护人责任是只有减责没有免责的特殊过错推定责任,其构成要件需满足“客观侵权+未尽监护职责”,其中对监护人是否尽到监护职责要结合“实际监护与否+客观标准”来综合判断。从规则分析,《民法典》第一千一百八十八条第一款是监护人承担侵权责任的完整规范,而监护人尽到监护职责也需承担部分责任的正当性来源于监护义务外延的广泛性;第二款是在监护人减轻责任的前提下基于公平责任的补充赔偿规则,且第二款的赔偿规则不应影响监护人侵权责任的性质,也并非意味监护人承担的是补充责任,只是为实现监护人、被监护人一方与被侵权人一方之间的利益平衡而作出的特殊规定。

Clarifying the nature of guardian’s responsibility is a prerequisite for solving existing problems of the guardianship system.Based on the violation of statutory guardianship obligations,the nature of guardian’s responsibility should be defined as the special own responsibility instead of vicarious responsibility.This kind of nature is reflected in the the composition and assumption of responsibilities.Guardian’s responsibility is a special fault presumption liability,which can be reduced but cannot be exempted,and its constituent elements must meet the requirements of“objective infringement+failure to perform duty of guardian”.The judgment of whether a guardian has perform their duties of guardian should be based on“actual guardianship behavior+objective standards”.From the analysis of rules,Civil Code,paragraph 1,Article 1188 of the Civil Code sets out the complete rules for guardians to bear the responsbility for infringement.The justification that guardians also need to partially assume the responsible for infringement when they completely fulfill their guardianship duties stems from the broadness of the extension of the guardianship obligation.The paragraph 2 is a supplementary compensation rule based on fair responsibility in the context of the guardian’s reduced responsibility,and the compensation rule in the paragraph 2 should not affect the nature of the guardian’s infringement responsibility,nor does it mean that the guardian bears supplementary responsibility,but only a special provision to reflect the balance of interests between the guardian,the ward’s party and the infringed party.